Abstract: A process for electroplating palladium containing deposits from baths comprising a combination of a surfactant and a brightener combination. The surfactant is an alkyl, ammonium-type salt containing 4 to 35 carbon atoms. The brightener is 0-benzaldehydesulfonic acid, 1-naphthalene sulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, benzenesulfinic acid, oxy-4,4-bis (benzene) sulfinic acid, p-toluene sulfinic acid, 3-trifluoromethyl benzene sulfinic acid, allyl phenyl sulfone, 0-benzoic sulfamide, benzylsulfonyl propionamide, phenylsulfonyl acetamide, 3-(phenylsulfonyl) propionamide, benzene sulfonamide, bis (phenylsulfonyl) methane, guanidine carbonate, sulfaguanidine or nicotinic acid. This combination provides deposits having superior adhesion and ductility.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor wherein a FET for measuring chemical substances and a reference electrode are covered with a continuous hydrous polymer on an insulating substrate, and on the hydrous polymer, an enzyme-immobilized film is formed in a region positioned on a channel part of FET for measuring chemical substances.

Abstract: A heater-built-in oxygen sensor having an electrochemical cell, a reservoir formed in substantial communication with a reference electrode of the cell, an electrically insulating member held in communication with the reservoir, a heating element disposed in contact with the insulating member, and cooperating with the cell and insulating member to constitute a major portion of an oxygen sensing element, and a direct current power source which is located outside the sensing element and to which the heating element is electrically connected. The low-potential portion of the sensing element connected to the negative terminal of the power source is electrically connected to a measuring electrode of the cell, so that a leak current of at least 0.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for measuring concentration of a dissolved substance are disclosed. In accordance with the method, measurements are made with two instruments having different permeability characteristics to obtain two readings, and these readings are corrected in accordance with a pre-determined relationship. The apparatus provides an electrochemical cell wherein a common anode is surrounded by closely-spaced cathodes. The cathodes are in at least two groups, wherein the first group has a first response characteristic to the dissolved substance and the second group has a second response characteristic. In the preferred embodiment, the two characterisitcs are produced by providing different distances between a substance-selective membrane and respective cathodes. In one embodiment, the cathodes are annular and surround the anode at different radii, while in another embodiment the cathodes are discrete and are spaced from the anode by equal distances.

Abstract: A measuring probe for a measuring head to detect the oxygen activity of metal melts has a reference substance of known oxygen activity, which upon submersion into the metal melt is separated from the metal melt by means of a refractory solid electrolyte that conducts electrons reliably and conducts primarily oxygen at higher temperatures and which permits the measurement of the electromotive force between the reference substance and a bath contact which makes contact with the metal melt. The surface of the solid electrolyte is subjected to a surface cleaning treatment, primarily by means of etching.

Abstract: Alkaline cyanide-free copper strike baths are provided for the purposes of electrodepositing a copper-zinc alloy strike coating unto a metal based substrate so as to prevent immersion coating by the copper on the metal substrate and thereby provide a basis for the subsequent addition to the substrate of composite electrodeposits which are blister free and highly adherent. Electrochemical coating processes for employing such strike baths and the resulting products are disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed is a Zn-based composite-plated metallic material, comprising a plating layer on a metal substrate. The plating layer consists essentially of (1) Zn or as Zn alloy electroplated onto a metallic substrate and (2) the cathodic precipitation reaction product of aluminum, calcium, magnesium, strontium, titanium, zirconium, molybdenum, and/or tungsten. The latter metal constitutes 0.002 to 10% by weight of the plating layer. The cathodic precipitation-reaction product may be hydroxide, hydroxide hydrate or a phosphate.

Abstract: This invention relates to an improved method for electroplating a layer of nickel onto titanium base alloy substrates. It is particularly useful in electroplating a layer of nickel onto titanium alloys which contain refractory metal elements, such as the alloy Ti-8Al-1V-1Mo. The method includes the steps of etching the surface of the substrate with a solution containing hydrofluoric acid and hydrochloric acid, followed by electroplating the etched surface in a nickel sulfamate solution.

Abstract: An improved ISE is provided for measuring the concentration of an electrolyte in a sample in a centrifuge-type analyzer utilizing a multichamber test pack. The reference cell and sensor cell of the ISE are each comprised of an electrode, fill solution, housing and membrane in a fully self-contained configuration. Each cell is of sufficiently small size to fit in the test pack. The electrode of each cell is provided with screw threads to allow each cell to be screwed directly into the test pack thereby securing the cell to the test pack and at the same time providing a convenient electrical contact to the readout electronics of the test pack. With the present design manipulation of the ISE sensor output voltage can be achieved by varying the known ion concentration of the fill solution. Also provided is a novel method of introducing a fill solution into the cell after all of the cell components are in place.

Abstract: An enzyme sensor comprising an enzyme acting specifically on a substrate and a transducer for converting the quantitative change of a substance or heat which is produced or consumed during an enzyme reaction to an electrical signal, wherein the enzyme is glucokinase is disclosed. By the enzyme sensor of the present invention, an accurate determination of an amount of glucose in a sample is possible as well as an accurate determination of adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP). A response time of the sensor is almost constant after a long-term use and a decrease of the detecting ratio is very small.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell comprising two electrodes, wherein one of said electrodes is suitable for use as a reference electrode in electrochemical measurements, said device comprising (a) a capillary fill cell capable of receiving a small volume of aqueous sample liquid, said cell incorporating (b) a redox electrode located within said capillary fill cell, and (c) a reagent layer comprising quinhydrone located in said cell in a dry adherent water-soluble layer adherent to an inner surface of said cell opposite to or overlying said redox electrode and capable of dissolving during use in aqueous sample liquid in the region of said redox electrode.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an electrolytically chromated steel sheet, comprising the steps of: subjecting a steel sheet intermittently to a plurality of runs of cathodic electrolytic chromate treatment in an acidic electrolytic chromating solution. At least one of these plurality of runs of cathodic electrolytic chromate treatment is carried out at a high electric current density within the range of from 90 to 200 A/dm.sup.2, to form on at least one surface of the steel sheet a chromating film comprising a metallic chromium layer as a lower layer having numerous granular projections over the entire surface thereof, and a hydrated chromium oxide layer as an upper layer. The electrolytically chromated steel sheet manufactured in accordance with the method of the present invention is excellent in a secondary paint adhesion and a weldability, and has a satisfactory surface hue.

Abstract: An improved aqueous acidic electrolyte suitable for electrodepositing zinc alloys comprising a combination of zinc and at least one metal selected from the group consisting of nickel, cobalt, iron, and mixtures thereof incorporating an effective amount of an additive agent for providing improved grain-refinement and enhancing the adjustment of the codeposition of the alloying metals in the zinc alloy deposit. The additive agent comprises a bath soluble polyhydroxy compound having three or more hydroxyl groups at least one of which is substituted with a polyoxyalkylene group.The present invention further encompasses the process of employing the aforementioned electrolyte for the deposition of functional and decorative zinc alloy electrodeposits.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for identifying the external surface or surfaces of an Al alloy of a homogeneous or composite material by electrochemical means. This method involves forming an anodic layer, in situ, on the products to be identified, by electrolysis under predetermined conditions and following or plotting the development of the voltage U at the terminals of the electrolyzer as a function of time t during an intentiostatic test. The shape and relative position of curves U=f(t), thus obtained, allows the various alloys tested to be identified from a comparison of the derived curve from a curve U=f(t) derived from a known sample. The present method has advantages over the earlier methods of marking in that it provides: non-destructive method employable in situ on products which may have large dimensions (coils, plates, sheets, etc.); almost instantaneous identification; high reliability; and is simple and economic to use.

Abstract: Described is a process for determining the zinc content of an acid aqueous phosphating bath. A bath sample is titrated at a pH value between 1.2 and 1.7 in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, hexamethylenetetramine and alkalihexacyanoferrate (III) with an alkalihexacyanoferrate(II) until the potential at an oxidation-reduction electrode immersed into the bath sample reaches an inflection point.Any content of nitrite and/or iron(II) ions must be removed by an addition of nitrite-destroying substances and by an oxidation to iron(III) ions at a pH value above 8.The process is particularly suitable for determining the zinc concentration of phosphating baths which contain 0.4 to 2.0 g/l Zn. The presence in phosphating baths of additional cations such as manganese and/or calcium and/or nickel and/or magnesium does not interfere with the process. The analysis can be automatic and may directly be used to control a metering device for supplying make-up concentrates to the phosphating bath.

Abstract: A composition for electroplating copper onto a conductive surface comprising a solution soluble copper salt and an acid electrolyte, said copper salt being present in a concentration of from about 1 to 10 grams per liter of solution and said acid being present in a concentration whereby the acid to copper ratio preferably varies between about 30 to 1 and 50 to 1. The composition is especially useful for the plating of walls of cylindrical openings having a ratio of height to diameter of at least 10 to 1 and a length of at least 0.100 inches.Also disclosed is a device for measuring throwing power of a plating solution. The device comprises two anodes and a cathode suspended in a chamber adapted to contain a plating solution. The cathode is suspended between said anodes and comprises two flat electrode portions in electrical contact with each other, in parallel relationship to each other and spaced apart from each other to define a space containing plating solution.

Abstract: Acidic liquids, such as galvanic electrolyte solutions for metal electroplating, contain a surfactant and a foam inhibiting agent which is a perfluoroalkyl-containing ester of phosphoric acid.

Abstract: An electrochemical gaseous measurement cell includes a housing with an anode and a cathode arranged in spaced locations in an acid electrolyte for galvanic measurement of gases which comprises an aqueous solution of an organic acid containing a polyfunctional groups suitable to yield protons during the measurement. The container, or housing, also has a membrane at an opening thereof which is permeable to oxygen.

Abstract: An enzyme electrode comprising: an insulative base plate; two or more electrodes formed on the surface of the insulative base plate and each having an exposed portion; an insulative protection film to insulate and protect the electrodes excluding at least those exposed portions; and an immobilized enzyme film to integratedly cover the exposed portions.

Abstract: Amorphous ternary nickel-chromium-phosphorus alloys are electrodeposited from a bath comprising a nickel salt, a chromium salt, a phosphorus source such as sodium hypophosphite, a complexing agent for the nickel ions, supporting salts to increase conductivity, and a buffering agent. The process is carried out at about room temperature and requires a current density between about 20 to 40 A/dm.sup.2.