Abstract: Apparatus for determining gas content in a liquid metal. The apparatus includes a hollow tubular probe having one end for disposal in the liquid metal, and the other end connected to a housing containing a gas sensing element. A hollow piston is located in the hollow probe for disposal in the liquid metal through the end of the probe disposed in the liquid metal, the piston having a lower porous end. A solenoid coil having a plunger translatable in the coil is connected to means mechanically connecting the plunger to the piston for vertically moving the piston in the liquid metal.

Abstract: A method of and apparatus for testing for leaks in a package is provided. The package is compressed under the weight of a test element (16). The position of the test element is measured at least twice and the positions are compared to check movement of the test head due to gas or liquid escape from the package.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of determining the relative proportions of gases in a mixture, such that the relative proportions of N gases are determined using N-1 sensors, not all of which are specific to a particular gas. In the preferred embodiment, oxygen and carbon dioxide are measured in the presence of nitrogen by measuring magnetic susceptibility and speed of sound. The described method of gas analysis leads to very fast response times and exceptional stability, making the technology suitable for breath-by-breath analysis of respired air. Notably, the method does not require high-temperature components, electrochemical cells, or consumable components.

Abstract: A sensor for sensing in a gas stream a vapor of a liquid. The sensor includes a micropore and a wet temperature sensor. The micropore has an evaporation end and has a lumen to conduct liquid from a supply of the liquid for evaporation at the evaporation end. The wet temperature sensor has a heat sensitive part in contact with the liquid in the micropore. The heat sensitive part circumscribes the micropore and forms part of the lumen. Heat loss due to evaporation of the liquid when the wet temperature sensor wet with the liquid is placed in the gas stream will result in the temperature sensed by the wet temperature sensor being lower than the non-evaporative temperature of the gas stream. This lowering in temperature can be measured to determine the concentration of the vapor in the gas stream. An example of such a sensor has a thermocouple junction having micropores passing through the thermocouple junction.

Abstract: A gas sensor determines the presence of at least one designated gas in a gaseous environment. The gas sensor comprises a semiconductor substrate; a thin insulator layer disposed on the semiconductor substrate; a catalytic metallic gate layer disposed on the thin insulator layer; and a chemically modified protective layer disposed on the catalytic metal gate. The chemically modified layer comprises a material that protects the sensor from corrosive gases and interference from at least one foreign matter and water, alters at least one of surface chemical properties and surface physical properties of the sensor, and passes only the designated gas therethrough.

Abstract: An improved method and apparatus for determining fluid viscosity comprises conveying substantially fully developed, uni-directional, and undisturbed fluid flow through a differential pressure measurement section and flow rate measuring means connected in line with, but separated from, the differential pressure measurement section. A preceding flow tube section is connected to the inlet of the differential pressure measurement section, and a succeeding flow tube section is connected to the outlet of the differential pressure measurement section so that entrance and exit flow effects are avoided in the measurement section. Differential pressure measured in substantially undisturbed, uni-directional, and fully developed fluid flow results in improved accuracy of viscosity calculation using the Hagen-Poiseuille equation.

Abstract: A turntable acceleration generating apparatus includes a first servo motor, a large-diameter turntable rotated by the first servo motor, and a small-diameter turntable being mounted on the large-diameter turntable at a position offset from the central axis of the large-diameter turntable such that the small-diameter turntable is rotated by a rotary shaft. Furthermore, the turntable acceleration generating apparatus includes a signal line for deriving signals from an acceleration sensor located on one of the sides of the large-diameter turntable, and a control signal line for applying control signal to a second servo motor located on the other side of the large-diameter turntable, wherein the large-diameter turntable is grounded such that the large-diameter turntable prevents noise leakage from the control signal line to the signal line.

Abstract: The present invention enables siloxanes which have a detrimental effect on the quality of products during semiconductor production to be efficiently removed from silicon compound gases, and enables minute amounts of siloxanes in these gases to be accurately measured to a few ppb, thus allowing for improvements in quality control by offering silicon compound gases of high purity. Diatomaceous earth M filled into a removal column 2 is heated by heating means provided on the removal column 2, while an inert gas such as nitrogen or helium is fed from an inert gas delivery pipe 13 via a pressure regulator 5 and an entry valve 6 into the removal-column 2, and is allowed to flow out through an outlet valve 8 in order to thermally activate the diatomaceous earth M. After activation, the removal column is cooled to a temperature of 60-0° C.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for testing the vapor or gas permeability of a paint, sealant, textured coating or other surface coating. A test block is provided having a porous substrate coated with the test coating. The test block is mounted in a bubble testing apparatus between a pressure chamber and a liquid vessel. Water is provided in the liquid chamber and air is pumped into the pressure chamber. As the pressure of the pressure chamber rises above that of the liquid chamber, a pressure gradient is created. Bubbles can be visually observed in the water filling the liquid chamber if the test coating is vapor or gas permeable.

Abstract: The apparatus includes a mixing chamber for mixing gas from a gas supply to be tested with air to form a gas-air mixture. The mixing chamber includes a gas inlet port through which the gas is received, an air intake port through which the air is received, and an outlet port through which the gas-air mixture leaves the mixing chamber. The apparatus includes a flow control valve that can be connected to the gas supply to enable a user to selectively adjust the flow rate of the gas from the gas supply to the apparatus. The apparatus also includes a mass flow sensor positioned between the flow control valve and the gas inlet port of the mixing chamber for measuring the mass flow rate of the gas flowing into the mixing chamber. A motorized fan is positioned in a conduit connected to outlet port of the mixing chamber for drawing the gas-air mixture out of the mixing chamber to a location where it can be sniffed by the user to detect odor.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting particles in a flow comprises a probe 1 positioned so that it projects into the flow and is charged triboelectrically by the particles in the flow. An electric circuit is coupled to the probe 1 and includes evaluating means for monitoring a signal from the probe 1 and for providing an output in dependence on the signal generated by the triboelectric charging of the probe 1. The part of the probe 1 that projects into the particle flow comprises an electrically conducting core covered with an insulating layer 2 which insulates the core from the particle flow.

Abstract: To perform leak diagnosis, when it is determined (during engine idling) that leakage exists in the purge system air is reintroduced into a purge system. Then, determination of leakage existence is stopped. Accordingly, erroneous diagnosis caused by opening the filler cap during engine idling is prevented, and reliability of leakage diagnosis is improved.

Abstract: In order to improve a device for measuring hydraulic flow quantities and leaks in a specimen, including a measurement path, embodied as an approximately vertically extending lead line to the specimen, and a capacitor sensor, which is disposed in the measurement path and can be acted upon both by at least one measuring medium and by at least one medium for generating a pressure (pressure medium) on the measuring medium in such a way that precise measurements of flow quantities and leaks are possible in a technically easily achieved way, the specimen is coupled directly to the measurement path.

Abstract: An oxygen sensor is disposed behind an exhaust gas purifying catalyst for an internal combustion engine and which suppresses the influence of unburnt hydrocarbon on the output voltage. A sensor element 1 is provided with a detection electrode 4 on the outer face of a zirconia ceramic body 2, a reference electrode 3 on the inner face of the ceramic body 2 and a spinel protective layer 5 on the outer surface of the detection electrode 4. The tip end of the sensor element 1 is covered with a protective cover 10 which is provided with an outer partition wall 11 having through holes 11a and an inner partition wall 12 having through holes 12a. In a case where the pressure difference between the inside and outside of the protective cover 10 is &Dgr;P(atm) when the atmospheric air with a volume flow rate Q(L/min) is passed into the protective cover 10 from the outside, the ratio &Dgr;P/Q2 is 3.2×10−5 (atm·min2·L−2).

Abstract: A gas sensor determines the presence of at least one designated gas in a gaseous environment. The gas sensor comprises a semiconductor substrate; a thin insulator layer disposed on the semiconductor substrate; a catalytic metallic gate layer disposed on the thin insulator layer; and a chemically modified protective layer disposed on the catalytic metal gate. The chemically modified layer comprises a material that protects the sensor from corrosive gases and interference from at least one foreign matter and water, alters at least one of surface chemical properties and surface physical properties of the sensor, and passes only the designated gas therethrough.

Abstract: A system monitors the composition of emulsions (e.g., oil/water mixtures) by measuring one or more electrical properties (e.g., dielectric constant) of the emulsion. A computer processor determines a plurality of possible solutions using a predetermined relationship between the measured electrical properties and the component fractions of the emulsion. One possible solution is determined for each component that might be the continuous phase in the emulsion. The computer processor then evaluates the component fractions resulting from each possible solution to choose which single solution is most reasonable based on known physical limits for a continuous phase emulsion involving the component associated with each possible solution. The component fractions associated with the selected solution are output by the processor.

Abstract: A system for measuring crude oil as it is transported from a storage tank to a transport vessel. The transport vehicle includes a fluid conveying line adapted to extend from the storage tank to the transport vessel. A pump is connected to the line to convey the oil from the tank to the vessel. A mass meter is disposed in the line. A microprocessor is electrically connected to and controls the mass meter so as to calculate the volume of liquid transferred from the storage tank to the transport vessel. A sample pot device is connected to the line and capable of taking an oil sample from the line that is representative of the entire amount of oil that is transferred.

Abstract: Methods of analyzing water-soluble contaminants comprise providing reference air streams having gaseous water present therein; condensing the reference air streams such that the gaseous water liquefies; pressurizing the liquefied water; and supplying the liquefied water to analyzers. Systems for analyzing water-soluble contaminants comprise air inlets that absorb reference air containing gaseous water therein; valves that control the flow of the reference air in fluid communication with the air inlets; condensers that condense the gaseous water in the reference air in fluid communication with the valves; pressurization pumps that pressurize the water condensed from the reference air in fluid communication with the condensers; and discharge pumps that discharge an excessive amount of water contained in the reference air.

Abstract: A method of producing roofing sealing material and roofing sealing material models includes producing a number of bitumen/polymers mixtures holding the polymers and bitumen identical in all of the mixtures and varying the respective percentages of the polymers from mixture to mixture.

Abstract: Methods of use and devices for detecting analyte in fluid. A system for detecting an analyte in a fluid is described comprising a substrate having a sensor comprising a first organic material and a second organic material where the sensor has a response to permeation by an analyte. A detector is operatively associated with the sensor. Further, a fluid delivery appliance is operatively associated with the sensor. The sensor device has information storage and processing equipment, which is operably connected with the device. This device compares a response from the detector with a stored ideal response to detect the presence of analyte. An integrated system for detecting an analyte in a fluid is also described where the sensing device, detector, information storage and processing device, and fluid delivery device are incorporated in a substrate.