Abstract: A process for electroelution of a gel containing charged macromolecules, such as proteins or polynucleotides, comprising the steps of providing a plurality of adjacent parallel chambers having a trapezoidal cross-section, placing a gel containing the charged macromolecules onto first open sides of the chambers, placing a semipermeable membrane onto second open sides of the chambers, filling the chambers with an elution buffer and applying a voltage difference across the chambers so that charged macromolecules in the gel migrate into the elution buffers in the chambers. Also, an apparatus for electroelution of a gel containing charged macromolecules having, preferably, a plurality of adjacent parallel chambers having a trapezoidal cross-section and vents for removing the product without disassembling the apparatus.

Abstract: A method to prevent corrosion of a stainless steel cathode in a copper electrowinning system uses compounds added to the electrowinning solution which reduce the level of free chlorine. Examples of such compounds are thiourea, alkyl sulphonate surfactants and protein glues.

Abstract: A method of making a microelectronic thermoelectric device comprises the steps of providing a substrate of a predetermined material, creating thermally isolated, alternating P-type and N-type semiconductor materials on the substrate, electrically connecting the P-type areas to adjacent N-type areas on opposite sides of each P-type area so that each side of a P-type area is connected to an adjacent different N-type area and leaving a free P-type end and a free N-type end, and providing an electrical lead on the free end of the P-type area and an electrical lead on the free end of said N-type area for connection to a source of electrical power. Further, a microelectronic thermoelectric device comprises a plurality of sections of semiconductor material of a first conductivity type and a plurality of sections of second conductivity type opposite to the first type. The sections are arranged to alternate from one type to the other and are thermally isolated from one another.

Abstract: A two dimensional electrophoresis apparatus which includes a first dimension electrophoresis box assembly which is connected to second dimension electrophoresis box assembly to provide two dimensional electrophoresis of proteins, peptides, DNA/RNA and related materials. The apparatus is designed for use in conducting two dimensional electrophoresis where isoelectric focusing is carried out in a first dimension to provide separation of samples based on charge followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as a second dimension wherein the sample bands resulting from the first dimension electrophoresis are separated according to mass. The apparatus may also be used in conducting other two dimensional electrophoresis procedures based on combinations of other gels.

Abstract: A thermoelectric radiator for generating a direct current while providing at least a portion of the necessary cooling is formed with a first and second plurality of interdigitated thermoelectric lamella which are electrically joined and are connected to the positive and negative portions of the electrical system. The result is direct current flow when a heated coolant is passed over the lamella.

Abstract: A sorting apparatus and method for fractionating and simultaneously viewing individual microstructures, such as free cells, viruses, macromolecules, or minute particles in a fluid medium. The sorting apparatus is composed of a substrate having a receptacle located therein, the receptacle having sidewalls and a floor. An array of obstacles is positioned within the receptacle with the obstacles upstanding from the floor of the receptacle. A transparent cover overlies the array of obstacles to cover the receptacle and afford visual observation of migration of the microstructures exclusively through the array of obstacles. Electrodes may be positioned within the receptacle to generate an electric field in the fluid medium in the receptacle in order to induce the migration of the microstructures. Migration of the microstructures may also occur, for example, by a hydrodynamic field, an optical field, a magnetic field, or a gravity field applied to the receptacle.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for purifying boron trichloride by removal of phosgene. In accordance with the invention, phosgene is photolytically decomposed into carbon monoxide and chlorine and liquid vapor phase in equilibrium with one another and in solution with the boron trichloride. This equilibrium is disturbed preferably by sparging a vapor stream that rises through the boron trichloride and is composed of the substance, such as nitrogen, to disturb the equilibrium and thereby cause the carbon monoxide and chlorine to be carried out of solution and collect in the overhead space. The decomposition product of chlorine and carbon monoxide can then be removed from the vapor space so that the carbon monoxide and chlorine does not recombine and contaminate the boron trichloride with phosgene.

Abstract: An incandescent Waste disposal system and method for the processing of waste and for rendering a hazardous component of the waste nonhazardous without discharge of harmful emissions are provided. The system includes a waste processing chamber, typically segmented into several sectors, wherein the waste is thermally and mechanically decomposed into a harmless residue by the action of rollers and an unrestricted arc plasma cloud that has a temperature sufficient to decompose the waste and render the hazardous component nonhazardous. The plasma cloud is created in a well-defined area in a reproducible manner and has a central region the temperature of which can reach 15,000.degree.-22,000.degree. F.

Abstract: A material for use in the production of an alloy having excellent corrosion resistance and abrasion resistance is provided. The material includes a cored wire formed from at least a pipe of matrix metal, which is at least one member selected from an Fe-base alloy, a Co-base alloy, and a Ni-base alloy. A VC powder having a particle diameter of 10 .mu.m or less is filled into the pipe. Also provided is a material for use in the production of an alloy having excellent corrosion resistance and abrasion resistance. The material includes a powder mixture containing at least a matrix metal, which is at least one member selected from an Fe-base alloy, a Co-based alloy and a Ni-base alloy, and a VC powder having a particle diameter of 10 .mu.m or less.

Abstract: A composite material is composed of a matrix and dispersed components which form a discontinuous three-dimensional network structure in the matrix. It permits the dispersed components to fully exhibit the characteristic properties without any loss of mechanical properties. A process for producing the above-mentioned composite material includes preparing a raw material powder such that granules of desired shape for the matrix are discontinuously covered with components of desired shape for the dispersed phase, molding the raw material powder into a desired shape, and heating the molded article.

Abstract: An electrophoresis system including means for reducing the distortion of a sample zone eluting from a capillary electrophoresis separation capillary is disclosed. The system includes one or more separation capillaries, each separation capillary having an inlet end and an outlet end; a first electrode in electrical communication with the inlet ends of the separation capillaries; a second electrode in electrical communication with the outlet ends of the separation capillaries; and one or more focusing electrodes in electrical communication with the outlet ends of the separation capillaries. In operation, the voltage of each of the electrodes is adjusted such that (i) the sample zone is transported from the inlet end to the outlet end of the separation capillaries and (ii) the distortion of the sample zone eluting from the separation capillaries is reduced.

Abstract: This invention provides a process for producing an electrolytic copper foil for a printed wiring board by supplying current between a rotary cathode and an electrolytic anode in a copper electrolyte so as to electrodeposit copper on the surface of the rotary cathode, wherein an anode for high electric current is placed opposite to the electrodeposition starting surface of the rotary cathode in such a manner that a part of the anode is projected above a liquid level of the copper electrolyte, and the copper electrolyte existing between the anode for high electric current and the opposed rotary cathode surface is electrolyzed by providing a high electric current with a current density higher than that of the electrolytic anode, and an apparatus for producing an electrolytic copper foil for a printed wiring board having excellent properties.

Abstract: In a method for generating electrolyzed water, pre-electrolyzed solution is added in water to be electrolyzed at least at the beginning of electrolyzing processing.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for thermal process control in electroforming stampers for the production of CD/LD data carriers or the like. The temperature of an electrolytic solution in an electroforming cell is maintained at a value nearest a specific maximum temperature by raising or lowering the temperature of the electrolytic solution in a storage tank provided outside of the electroforming cell as a function of the temperature measured in a cathode space of the electroforming cell. A temperature sensor is disposed in or near the cathode space adjacent an electrolyte injection nozzle in a space between the anode and cathode means for supplying signals to a control unit. The temperature sensor and the injection nozzle are preferably assembled into a single mounting unit. The electroforming process can thus be run with an optimum effectivity in the vicinity of a maximum permissible temperature of the electrolytic solution.

Abstract: An electrolysis cell, fuel cell and solar reactor or conventional furnace are operated in conjunction with one another for providing hydrogen as a product, from electrolysis of hydrogen bromide.

Abstract: A battery grid plate composition comprising by percent weight:______________________________________ Calcium .035-.085 Tin 1.2-1.55 Silver .002-.

Abstract: A method of preparing a pyroelectric mixture, especially for pyroelectric and piezoelectric components. At least two compounds are mixed in a prescribed ratio. One compound contains polymerizable and preferably achiral liquid-crystal monomers and the other a preferably achiral liquid-crystal polymer or copolymer. Each compound also contains hydrogen-bridging substituents. The mixture is heated to above its specific vitrification point. An electric field is applied to polymerize the monomer and polarize the mixture. The mixture is cooled to below its specific glass transition point with the field still present.

Abstract: The present invention is an electrodeposited copper foil characterised in that roughening treatment is performed on a matte side of an untreated copper foil wherein the surface roughness R.sub.z of the matte side of the untreated copper foil is the same as or less than the surface roughness R.sub.z of the shiny side of this untreated copper foil. The electrodeposited copper foil is made by electrodepositing copper onto a drum from an electrolyte which contains 0.05 to 5 ppm 3-mercapto 1-propanesulfonate; at least one organic compound selected from 0.1 to 15 ppm of a polysaccharide which is a carbohydrate such as starches, celluloses and vegetable rubbers, and 0.3 to 35 ppm of a low molecular weight glue having a weight average molecular weight of 10,000 or less; and 10 to 60 ppm of a chloride ion. The copper foil may be used in making a printed circuit board or as a component of a secondary battery cell.

Abstract: In a method of finishing a surface of a floating type magnetic head in which a sliding contact surface opposing a magnetic recording medium is made of a polycrystal material comprising at least two kinds of phases of different compositions mixed together, the sliding contact surface is roughened by treatment with an etching solution in accordance with a chemical etching process. The sliding contact surface of the floating type magnetic head can be mirror-finished with an appropriate surface roughness, so that satisfactory CSS performance and good electromagnetic performance can be obtained. The sliding contact surface is preferably made of a polycrystal ceramic material selected from the CaTiO.sub.3 ceramic system, the AlTiC ceramic system and the MnO-NiO ceramic system. The etching solution contains aqueous hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizing agent and is preferably an aqueous hydrogen peroxide and ammonia solution.

Abstract: A resealable vent closure for an electrochemical cell comprising a disk seal having a first upstanding wall to define an opening to accommodate a current collector rod of a cell and having vent grooves disposed in the first wall, and having a second upstanding peripheral wall with vent channels and said second wall being crimped between a cover for the cell and the top edge of a container containing the active components of the cell to thereby produce a sealed cell that is resealable.