Abstract: Heteroatom-interrupted HETE derivatives and methods of their use for treating dry eye are disclosed.

Abstract: Heteroatom-interrupted HETE derivatives and methods of their use for treating dry eye are disclosed.

Abstract: A method for determining coagulation parameters which is safe, convenient, applicable to existing automated analyzers and reliable is disclosed. The said method for the determination utilizes an antibody against the E region of fibrinogen, fibrinogen degradation product D dimer or the like, and is enable to determine the coagulation parameter in fibrin coagulation system accompanied by limited degradation of fibrinogen with thrombin without clotting.

Abstract: The method relates to a method for detecting disorders in the protein C system, and in particular for determining the activated blood coagulation factor V with increased stability with respect to decomposition by activated protein C.

Abstract: Lower alkyl esters of 3-amino crotonates substituted by halogen in the C-4 position, e.g. ethyl 3-amino-4,4,4-trifluoro-crotonate, in which the amino group optionally may be substituted by one or two C1 to C3 alkyl groups or by one or two aryl groups, e.g. phenyl, are synthesized by thermolysis of ammonium salts of corresponding lower alkyl esters of acetoacetic acid substituted in the C-4 position by halogen, and removal of the resulting water of reaction. The water of reaction may be removed by an entraining agent, which preferably has a specific gravity heavier than that of the aqueous phase which forms in the reaction. This minimizes yield losses due to the ammonium salt becoming dissolved in the aqueous phase and results in especially high yields. Formation of the ammonium salt and thermolysis can be carried out simultaneously. Alternatively, it is possible to start from a molten ammonium salt of the halogencrotonate, e.g.

Abstract: N-[N-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)-L-&agr;-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine 1-methyl ester is crystallized in order to give highly pure product in high yield. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, N-[N-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)-L-&agr;-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine 1-methyl ester is crystallized directly from an aqueous methanol reaction mixture.

Abstract: A stabilized reagent for the photometric enzymatic determination of creatine kinase (CK) in biological sample material by forming ATP from creatine phosphate and ADP and detecting the ATP formed, containing an organic or inorganic sulphur compound preferably in a submolar amount relative to the added CK activator. A corresponding reagent in a liquid form is stable at 2 to 8° C. for up to 12 months without significant loss of function.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the determination of the immune defence activity of blood by the stimulation of white cells in the whole blood, incubation of the whole blood, separation of the supernatant from the sediment and determination of the activity from the separated supernatant. he invention also relates to a test kit for performing the method and to the use of a suitable blood sampling system, particularly a syringe cylinder for this purpose.

Abstract: A process for producing optically active cysteine derivatives with high optical purity and good quality which is economically advantageous and is high in productivity even on a commercial scale is provided.

Abstract: A method for identifying an inhibitor of dehydroquinate synthase (DHQS) and/or dehydroquinase (DQ), which method comprises: i) contacting a test substance with DHQS and a substrate for DHQS and contacting the resulting reaction mixture with DQ, or contacting the test substance with DQ and a substrate for DQ; and ii) contacting the resulting reaction mixture with dehydroshikimate dehydratase (DHSD); and iii) determining whether the test substance inhibits the activity of DHQS or DQ.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method enabling the existence of a biological activity of microorganisms to be determined quickly by applying an electric field. The inventive method includes the following: the microorganisms are placed in a suspension in a dielectric oil, an electric field is applied to said suspension and variations in the strength of the leakage current induced as a function of the applied electric field are measured. The device according to the invention comprises a container which is fitted with electrodes (2), whereby the suspension (3) of microorganisms in a dielectric oil is placed therein, in addition to means for generating an electric field between two or several electrodes, measuring means and means for recording the induced leakage current.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of amino acid derivatives of the general formula I where R1-R4 are as defined herein, from the corresponding malonic acid monoester amides of the general formula II  by Hofmann degradation using a hypohalite in an aqueously basic medium, which comprises carrying out the reaction in the presence of an alcohol or amine and using the hypohalite in amounts of from 1.0 to 1.5 equivalents and the base in amounts of from 0.8 to 4.0 equivalents per mole of starting material II.

Abstract: A method to analyze and diagnose specific bacteria in a biologic sample using spectroscopy is disclosed. The method includes obtaining the spectra of a biologic sample of a non-infected patient for use as a reference, subtracting the reference from the spectra of an infected sample, and comparing the fingerprint regions of the resulting differential spectrum with reference spectra of bacteria in saline. Using this diagnostic technique, specific bacteria can be identified sooner and without culturing, bacteria-specific antibiotics can be prescribed sooner, resulting in decreased likelihood of antibiotic resistance and an overall reduction of medical costs.

Abstract: A chemical sensor includes an enzyme layer, a diffusion layer and an analyte barrier layer positioned over the diffusion layer. Apertures are formed by microfabrication in the analyte barrier layer to allow controlled analyte flux to the diffusion layer.

Abstract: Ophthalmic membranes and uses are described. Intraocular membranes and structures within the eye are identified by instilling into the eye a trypan blue solution which marks in a visually identifiable manner intraocular membranes and structures within the eye.

Abstract: An industrially advantageous method of producing &bgr;-halogeno-&agr;-aminocarboxylic acids is provided. Methods are also provided of producing optically active N-protected-S-phenylcysteines having high optical purity and of intermediates thereof, respectively, in which the above production method is utilized. A method of producing &bgr;-halogeno-&agr;-aminocarboxylic acids or salts thereof is disclosed which comprises halogenating the hydroxyl group of a &bgr;-hydroxy-&agr;-aminocarboxylic acid (in which the basicity of the amino group in &agr;-position is not masked by the presence of a substituent on said amino group) or a salt thereof with an acid with a halogenating agent.

Abstract: A method of determining skin tissue cholesterol includes preparing a section of skin surface, applying a dosed amount of an enzyme-containing mixture onto the skin, exposing, evaluating the concentration of cholesterol in a reaction solution and calculating the concentration of skin cholesterol, wherein the area of contact of the skin with the mixture is limited on the section of the skin surface by means of a sealing vessel without a bottom with a base fixed on the skin, a mixture comprising 2.0-2.5 units of cholesteroloxidase, 0.04-0.06% by weight of sodium dezoxycholate, 0.1-0.2.% by weight of 3-(dodecyl-dimethyl-ammonium)-propanesulfonate in a buffer solution with pH=6.8 is used as the mixture, evaluating the concentration of cholesterol in the reaction solution is carried out by measuring the level of hydrogen peroxide. Measurements of the level of hydrogen peroxide may be carried out by immersing an electrochemical sensor or a colorimetric indicator in the reaction solution.

Abstract: Novel compounds are disclosed that have the chemical structure of Formula (IIB), and its prodrug esters and acid-addition salts, and that are useful as Interleukin-1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-&agr; modulators, and thus are useful in the treatment of various diseases. wherein the R groups include the following: R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a halogen, COOH, C1-C12 carboxylic acids, C1-C12 acyl halides, C1-C12 acyl residues, C1-C12 esters, C1-C12 secondary amides, (C1-C12)(C1-C12) tertiary amides, C1-C12 alcohols, (C1-C12)( C1-C12) ethers, C1-C12 alkyls, C1-C12 substituted alkyls, C2-C12 alkenyls, C2-C12 substituted alkenyls; R2 is selected from hydrogen, a halogen, C1-C12 alkyl, C1-C12 substituted alkyls, C2-C12 alkenyl, C2-C12 substituted alkenyl, C2-C12 alkynyl, and C1-C12 acyl, and C5-C12 aryl.

Abstract: A method of determining the concentration of a surfactant-based neutral cleaner in a wash liquor, a hand-held apparatus, and a test kit for carrying out the method are provided. According to the method, a cleaner composed of the cleaning agent, an amount of a reducing sugar that is proportional to the cleaning agent, and a sugar preserving agent, is added to a wash solution. A sample of the resulting wash liquor is applied to an enzyme system that reacts with the reducing sugar to form a colored end product. After a suitable time interval, the color of the reaction product can be photometrically measured to provide a color intensity value that is correlated to the amount of reducing sugar in the wash liquor, which, in turn, is correlated to the amount of cleaning agent in the wash liquor. The portable apparatus can be packaged with associated test supplies and reagents in a test kit.

Abstract: A method of determining the presence or onset of capillary leakage includes introducing into the blood stream of the subject a first low dosage of a low molecular weight macromolecular material and determining the volume of distribution thereof (an apparent volume of distribution). The determined value of volume of distribution is influenced not only by extravasation through the capillary wall but also by binding of smaller molecules to pores or receptor binding sites in the wall which occurs much faster than extravasation and is an important indicator of the onset of capillary leakage. The process is repeated with a high dose of high molecular weight macromolecular material to determine a further volume of distribution (the true circulating plasma volume). The two values are compared to determine the presence or onset of capillary leakage.