Abstract: An exposure method wherein a mask on which a pattern is formed is illuminated with a slit-like illumination light beam, and the mask and a substrate are caused to scan the slit-like illumination light beam in a scanning direction in order to form an image of the pattern on the substrate, and wherein photo-electric signals obtained by a sensor which moves in the scanning direction, relative to the slit-like illumination light beam, and photo-electric signals obtained from the sensor which moves in a direction orthogonal to the scanning direction are integrated so as to obtain integrated values thereof, and an unevenness among the integrated values relating to a direction orthogonal to the scanning direction is calculated

Abstract: The invention is directed to photographic flashing during photographic enlarging, when areas requiring darkening can be seen and selectively flashed and provides a photographic enlarger, a photographic negative, a photographic printable substrate, and the auxiliary light source of the present invention. Photographic enlarging of the photographic negative is conducted by emitting light from the photographic enlarger and printing an enlarged photographic image from the photographic negative onto the photographic printable substrate. The auxiliary light source includes controls, which are preferably independently adjustable, for varying (a) light intensity, (b) the area of projected light, (c) contrast, when used with variable contrast enlarging paper, and (d) color hue and density, when used in color enlarging from color negatives.

Abstract: A reticle and a wafer are relatively scanned in a scanning exposure type of projection exposure apparatus so that a pattern on the reticle is transferred onto the wafer by exposure. Heat exchangers which has the Peltier device are provided on a side surface of an integrator sensor which measures the quantity of exposure to control temperature of a photosensitive surface of the integrator sensor. In a side of heat irradiation surface of the heat exchangers, cooling water is circulated so that the heat exchangers are cooled. Saturation temperature at which temperature of the photosensitive surface is saturated when an illumination beam is irradiated to the photosensitive surface is determined and then the quantity of light irradiated to the photosensitive surface is measured with the temperature of the photosensitive surface being maintained at the saturation temperature.

Abstract: When the position of a stage is detected by interferometers, a converting means converts information detected by the interferometers into information on a position and a velocity of a center of gravity of the stage concerning each of degrees of freedom. PI controllers provided for each of the degrees of freedom determine control amounts for each of the degrees of freedom necessary for movement of the center of gravity by means of (proportional+integral) operation on the basis of velocity deviations in respective directions obtained as differences between values obtained by conversion into velocities from positional deviations of the center of gravity in the .theta., Y, X directions and velocities of the center of gravity in the respective directions.

Abstract: A continuous web substrate printing system which can utilize a single otherwise conventional or existing xerographic print engine (normally printing conventional cut sheet print substrates) having an endless photoreceptor belt with a belt seam requiring a section of that belt to be unimaged in each belt rotation, yet provide continuous directly abutting images on the printed web, to avoid paper scrap. A special simplex or duplex continuous web printing substrate supply module may be docked with the cut sheet print engine to form an integral web printing system. It has a web feeding and image transfer system for appropriately feeding the continuous web printing substrate uncut into the print engine for image transfers to one or both sides of the web from the imaging surface of the print engine.

Abstract: A scanning type exposure apparatus, which is used to expose a wafer with an image of a pattern on a reticle by synchronously moving the reticle and the wafer, comprises a second gas conditioner for circulating a temperature-controlled gas in a subsidiary chamber which encloses an optical path of an interferometer for measuring a position of a reticle stage. The apparatus comprises a third gas conditioner for supplying a temperature-controlled gas to an internal space of a pedestal including a wafer stage and an optical path of an interferometer for measuring a position of the wafer stage. A positional error of the stage, which would be otherwise caused by temperature-dependent fluctuation of the gas on the optical path of the interferometer, is reduced. A heat insulating material is installed on a top plate of the pedestal so as to intercept heat transfer from a heat source on the pedestal to the internal space of the pedestal.

Abstract: A process cartridge detachably mountable to a main assembly of an electrophotographic image forming apparatus includes a cartridge frame; an electrophotographic photosensitive drum having a cylinder and a photosensitive layer thereon; a process device actable on the photosensitive drum; a drum shaft for rotatably supporting the photosensitive drum on the cartridge frame, the drum shaft extending through the photosensitive drum and having a length sufficient to be supported by the cartridge frame at one end thereof and at the other end thereof wherein the drum shaft is provided on its outer periphery adjacent its one end with projections and recesses, and is engaged with a hole in the cartridge frame; and a preventing member for preventing the drum shaft from disengaging from the cartridge frame.

Abstract: There is provided a film image detection method, comprising the steps of measuring densities at a large number of measurement points arranged along a first direction and a second direction crossing the first direction in a measurement area including an image recording range on a photographic film on which an image is recorded, calculating density variation amounts at the measurement points along the first and second directions on the basis of the densities at the measurement points in the measured measurement area, accumulating the calculated density variation amounts at the measurement points along the first direction for each of a plurality of first rows of measurement points constituted by a predetermined number of measurement points arranged along the second direction, and for accumulating the density variation amounts at the measurement points along the second direction for each of a plurality of second rows of measurement points constituted by a predetermined number of measurement points arranged along

Abstract: A plural mode printing system utilizing a cut sheet print engine for printing conventional cut sheet print substrates, in which page print images are generated and transferred to the cut sheets at an image transfer station. This plural mode printing system selectively provides printing onto either the cut sheets or onto an uncut continuous web printing substrate, in the same cut sheet print engine. An independently moveable continuous web printing substrate supply module is selectively operatively docked with the cut sheet print engine. That web printing module has a web feeding and image transfer assistance system for feeding the continuous web uncut into the cut sheet printing engine for transferring the page print images onto the web instead of onto cut sheets when the print engine is operatively docked with the web printing substrate module. The web printing module does not itself need to print.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus of a type having a photoconductive drum surrounded by an exposure station, a toner dispenser, an image transfer roller, a pre-discharging lamp and a contact charging roller incorporates a novel apparatus and method for cleaning the transfer and charging rollers of toner and other contamination. The transfer roller first is cleaned by applying to it an electric bias of alternating polarity to repel toner to the photoconductive element. Charge induced on the photoconductive drum by the toner is neutralized by the contact charging roller, and thereafter, a cleaning element, such as a sponge, is moved into contact with the charging roller for cleaning it of toner. The transfer roller may be separated from the photoconductive drum during image exposure or in response to an exposure synchronization signal, to reduced image distortion caused by mechanical vibration of the drum.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus comprises an intermediate transfer unit associated with a photoconductive medium. A first unit transfers a developed image on the photoconductive medium to the intermediate transfer unit such that an intermediate image on the intermediate transfer unit is formed. A second unit transfers the intermediate image from the intermediate transfer unit to a copy sheet such that a reproduced image on the copy sheet is formed. The intermediate transfer device of one aspect of the present invention comprises a surface layer of a mixture containing a friction reducing substance which reduces a coefficient of friction on the surface layer. The intermediate transfer device of another aspect of the present invention comprises a surface layer of a mixture containing a fluorocarbon polymer component and a secondary resin component which are compatible with each other, a visible developed color image being formed on the surface layer.

Abstract: A photographic printing apparatus is provided in which a plurality of film cartridges X stored in a cartridge storage 1 are unloaded and transferred one by one to a film table 5 and after reading image data from a film of the cartridge with a scanner module 6 using light from a light source module 4, and printing it on a photosensitive material PC placed on an exposure bed 3c by exposure of light through a lens unit 4b, returned back to the cartridge storage 1.

Abstract: An improved apparatus and method for controlling media temperature to prevent image offset and degloss in an electrostatic image forming apparatus are provided. The apparatus and method utilize a plurality of media support surfaces in the pre-nip media path to reduce heat transfer to the media in this region. An insulating channel is provided beneath the media supports to thermally isolate the media supports. One or more insulating plates may also be provided between the rollers of the fusing nip and the media support surfaces to further reduce heat transfer from the fusing members to the media support surfaces and media.

Abstract: A surface activating process in which treatment can be performed within a short time and in which activation of undesired areas does not occur is achieved by concentrating ultraviolet light with wavelengths from 200 nm to 300 nm by means of an oval focussing mirror. The ultraviolet light is incident in parallel on a mask via a first reflector, an integrator lens, a shutter, a second reflector, and a collimator, and is radiated through the mask onto a workpiece to activation a surface area of the workpiece. The arc length of the lamp is selected to be within a range from 7.5 to 29 mm to obtain a radiation intensity which is sufficient for surface activation. Furthermore, the relationship .alpha.>1.5.degree. and the relationship d.times.tan .alpha..ltoreq.0.1 W are satisfied at the same time, where .alpha.

Abstract: An image-forming machine comprises a movable mounting plate disposed in said machine housing in a manner to be moved toward, and away from, a photosensitive material drum, and a push-operation mechanism for moving the developing device mounted on the movable mounting plate between a push position close to said photosensitive material drum and a push-release position. The push-operation mechanism is equipped with a push lever disposed on the front side of the machine housing. When the push lever is brought to the first position on the upper side of the mounting surface of the movable mounting plate, the push-operation mechanism brings the developing device to the push position and when the push lever is brought to the second position of nearly the same height as the mounting surface of the movable mounting plate, the push-operation mechanism brings the developing device to the push-release position.

Abstract: Disclosed is a projection exposure apparatus by a scan-exposure method. The apparatus includes an illuminating means for illuminating a mask transfer region with illumination light for an exposure through an aperture of a variable field stop disposed in a position substantially conjugate to the mask; a driving means for configuring the aperture of the variable field stop in a rectangular shape (having edges orthogonal to a direction of the scan-exposure) and simultaneously making variable a width of the rectangular aperture of the stop in a widthwise direction (the scan-exposure direction) of the transfer region (pattern forming region) on the mask; and a control means for controlling the driving means to change a width of the rectangular aperture of the variable field stop in interlock with variations in position of the variable field stop on the mask transfer region which varies due to the one-dimensional movements of the mask stage.

Abstract: An image forming device having multiple direction lens system, a presetting system, a page turner, a movable platform to manipulate both unbound and bound originals, an image monitoring unit, a microcomputer-based control system and an image formation unit, is disclosed that provides the capability of automatic and manual image formation from both unbound and bound originals. The automatic image formation from bound originals is enabled in both Flat Open Mode (original 180.degree. face-up opened) and Angled Open Mode (originals less than 180.degree. face-up opened). Unbound documents can also be face-up loaded on the movable platform for the automatic image formation and will never be jammed. While having bound or unbound originals face-up positioned on the 3D-movable frame, the manual image formation in both single and dual projecting direction also becomes much easier and effective with higher copy quality.

Abstract: A host computer 104 at a remote administrative site receives a jam code and the number of accumulated copies made from a photocopier 100 at which jamming has occurred, an accumulated jam curve is calculated based on the received data, a certain filtering process is performed, the risk of jamming is estimated based on the filter output and a membership function between the filter value and risk, thus judging whether or not to visit the user.

Abstract: A device for adding controlled amounts of moisture to one or both sides of a copy sheet. The device includes a pair of water jets, a reservoir for storing a quantity of liquid and connected to the water jet, a pair of generally cylindrical, pressure rolls, each having an outer cylindrical surface with the rolls being aligned with respect to one another along their axes so as to define a nip between the outer cylindrical surfaces, and a controller for controlling application of water from the water jets to selected portions of each sheet passing thereunder before each sheet enters the nip formed between the outer cylindrical surfaces. Alternatively, the water jets could apply the liquid to the cylindrical surfaces of the pressure rolls.

Abstract: An image transfer apparatus which comprises a platen (8) to which an image-forming material is to be attached and a transfer cylinder (1) to which an image receptor is to be attached, and which is for transferring an image formed in a photosensitive layer of an image-forming material to an image receptor by the introduction of the image-forming material and the image receptor into a nip formed by the platen and the transfer cylinder by the rotation of the platen and the transfer cylinder, the apparatus having an image-forming material attaching device comprising a device for holding the top end side of the image receptor to a platen surface along the entire width of the image receptor and a device for holding the bottom end side of the image receptor to a platen surface along the entire width of the image receptor, the device for holding the top end side being a pin bar (13) having pins protruded from an inside of a blanket (10) in a slope portion (12) continued from a partial cut-off portion formed in the pl