Abstract: A method of producing a color filter to be used in conjunction with a display element such as an active or passive matrix liquid crystal panel. The color filter is formed by a stack of exposed and developed film layers, and each layer corresponds to a color of the resulting filter. The stack of exposed film layers is deposited on a transparent sheet.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display element does not include an orientation layer for orienting a liquid crystal material injected between a pair of substrates thereof. Liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal material are oriented randomly in random directions between the substrates. Macroscopically, the liquid crystal molecules of the liquid crystal material are oriented omnidirectionally in a substrate in-plane direction, so that the molecules have an equal random probability of orientation in each direction. Microscopically, however, the liquid crystal molecules of the liquid crystal material are unidirectionally oriented.

Abstract: A spatial light modulator includes: a modulating layer having optical properties changeable depending on the strength of an applied electric field; a pair of transparent electrode layers sandwiching the modulating layer for generating the electric field; and a photoconductor layer disposed between one of the pair of transparent electrode layers and the modulating layer for generating a photocurrent corresponding to the illumination by light, wherein the photoconductor layer has a quantum efficiency of more than 1. A method for fabricating the spatial light modulator is also disclosed.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device showing improved uniform alignment characteristic and switching characteristic is constituted by a pair of an upper substrate and a lower substrate, and a chiral smectic liquid crystal disposed between the upper and lower substrates. Each of the upper and lower substrates has thereon an electrode for applying a voltage to the liquid crystal and a uniaxial alignment film. The alignment films on the upper and lower substrates are provided with uniaxial alignment axes which cross each other so that the direction of crossing of the uniaxial alignment axes from the lower substrate to the upper substrate is identical to the direction of helical twist in cholesteric phase of the chiral smectic liquid crystal, and the chiral smectic liquid crystal is disposed in such an alignment state that the liquid crystal shows a pretilt angle .alpha., a cone angle H, an inclination angle .delta. of SmC.sup.* layer, and an apparent tilt angle .theta.a satisfying relationships of: H<.alpha.+.delta.

Abstract: A driving method for an optical modulation device is applicable to driving of an optical modulation device, e.g. a liquid crystal device having a matrix electrode arrangement comprising a group of scanning electrodes, a group of signal electrodes oppositely spaced from the group of scanning electrodes, and an optical modulation material (e.g. a liquid crystal) showing bistability with respect to an electric filed applied thereto disposed between the groups of scanning electrodes and signal electrodes.

Abstract: The liquid crystal display includes a patterned mirror disposed between the backlight assembly and the black matrix to reflect light back into the backlight assembly that otherwise would impinge on the black matrix. Apertures through the patterned mirror are so shaped that parallax effects with respect to the black matrix provides desirable luminance versus viewing angle profiles.

Abstract: An active matrix display apparatus comprising pixel electrodes arranged in a matrix fashion on an insulating substrate, storage capacity electrodes arranged opposite to said pixel electrodes, storage capacity lines connected individually to said storage capacity electrodes, a common main line connected to said storage capacity lines, at least one branch line branched from said common main line, and a branch terminal formed at the leading end of said branch line, whereby a signal delay can be minimized.

Abstract: A display panel is formed using a single crystal thin-film transistors that are transferred to substrates for display fabrication. Pixel arrays form light valves or switches that can be fabricated with color filter elements over the pixel elements. The resulting circuit panel is then incorporated into a color projection display system with a light emitting or liquid crystal material to provide the desired light valve.

Abstract: A polarizer and an analyzer are respectively arranged on the incident and exit sides of a twisted nematic liquid crystal cell, and at least one biaxial retardation plate is arranged between the polarizer and the analyzer. The biaxial retardation plate is arranged such that its phase delay axis is parallel or perpendicular to the aligning treatment direction of an aligning film on the incident side of the liquid crystal cell. The polarizer is arranged such that its light-transmitting axis is parallel or perpendicular to the incident-side aligning treatment direction. The light-transmitting axis of the analyzer is set to be perpendicular to the light-transmitting axis of the polarizer. A liquid crystal material sealed in the twisted nematic liquid crystal cell is twisted at about 90.degree.. The biaxial retardation plate has a refractive index n.sub.X in an extending direction of the retardation plate, a refractive index n.sub.Y in a direction perpendicular to the extending direction, and a refractive index n.

Abstract: An active matrix display device comprising two pixel electrodes in each rectangular area defined by adjacent signal lines and adjacent scanning lines. The pixel electrodes disposed across each signal line are connected with respective switching elements, which are connected to the common scanning line and the common signal line. In this way, each pixel electrode has only one signal line formed on one side thereof. As a result, a line defect conventionally produced by a leakage between adjacent signal lines through a pixel electrode is prevented. Further, a defective pixel can be easily corrected by short-circuiting the pixel electrode with the adjacent signal line.

Abstract: An oriented ferroelectric liquid crystal in the chiral smectic C phase with the smectic planes normal to bounding plates of a cell is interspersed with polymer which stabilizes and freezes the arrangement of the liquid crystal.

Abstract: An active matrix substrate is disclosed. The active matrix substrate of the invention includes: a plurality of scanning lines; a plurality of signal lines which cross the plurality of scanning lines; a plurality of picture element electrodes formed in regions defined by the plurality of scanning lines and the plurality of signal lines, respectively, part of each of the plurality of picture element electrodes overlapping at least one of the scanning lines and the signal lines adjacent to the picture element electrode; and a light blocking film covering the line.

Abstract: A black matrix 2 and a taking out electrode 3 are formed on a glass substrate 1, using a light-shielding conductive film made of a metal or the like. On this film, an insulating film 4 is formed. At the same time, a taking out electrode window 5 is formed on the portion of the insulating film 4 corresponding to the taking out electrode 3. Then, an electrode for forming a coloring matter layer (ITO electrode) 6 is formed on the insulating film 4. Then, the taking out electrode window 5 is filled with an ITO electrode material, to electrically connect the taking out electrode 3 and the ITO electrode 6. Then the outer electrode was connected to the taking out electrode 3. The electricity was turned on the outer electrode to form a coloring matter layer 8 on the ITO electrode 6.

Abstract: The object of this invention is to enhance the display quality of reflection type liquid crystal display device having the constitutions of an organic insulating film is formed on a thin film transistor formed on a substrate, and contact holes and bumps are formed at the positions for forming reflection electrodes on the organic insulating film. The reflection electrodes are formed thereon, and drain electrodes and reflection electrodes 38 are connected through the contact holes. The effect of this invention is since the bumps are formed only in the portions of the reflection electrodes, patterning of the reflection electrodes is easy, and insulation failure between source bus wirings and reflection electrodes does not occur, and the display quality is enhanced.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device is constituted by a pair of oppositely spaced substrate each having on its opposite surface a group of stripe electrodes disposed to intersect with those disposed on the other substrate, and a liquid crystal disposed between the substrates so as to be driven by a voltage applied through the stripe electrodes. The group of stripe electrodes on at least one of the pair of substrates are formed through a lithographic step including dividing the stripe electrodes into at least two divisions at a line parallel (or perpendicular) to the extension of the stripe electrodes, and repeating a pattern exposure for each division of the stripe electrodes so as to dispose a joint between the divisions of the stripe electrodes at a non-display part including a spacing between two stripe electrode on the same substrate (or at a part in alignment with a non-display part including a spacing between two stripe electrodes on the opposite substrate).

Abstract: A liquid crystal device of a matrix type, having a pair of electrode substrates disposed in spaced opposition to each other, with a liquid crystal, such as a ferroelectric liquid crystal, in the space between the substrates, which provides improved display quality. A group of scanning signal lines and a group of information signal lines are arranged on the mutually opposing surfaces of the substrates, and extend perpendicular to each other. In one form of the present invention, the scanning signal lines have a smaller resistance than the information signal lines. In another form, the scanning signal lines have a smaller resistance to the input thereto than the information signal lines. Thus, the peak value of ripple on the scanning signal lines, hence, the influence of the ripple on the non-select pixels, is reduced, thereby eliminating flickering on the screen caused by the ripple.

Abstract: A ferroelectric liquid crystal display for improving switching time and contrast comprising a ferroelectric liquid crystal having a C2U orientation, a negative dielectric anisotropy and driven by a rewriting voltage for turning a pixel on and off which is smaller than the non-rewriting voltage.

Abstract: Surface Stability Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Device having color filters assembled therein avoids, generation of alignment defect ocurring in the initial alignment control step by providing space of 0-5 microns between adjacent color filters.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display provides redundant circuits to ensure reliable operation of all pixels of a display and includes a substrate, a scanning line formed on the substrate, a pixel electrode formed on the substrate, a first switching element which is switched on and off in accordance with a potential level of the scanning line, a second auxiliary switching element which is initially electrically isolated from the pixel electrode by a switchable link.

Abstract: The present invention provides optical modulators which comprise aligned chiral smectic liquid crystal cells within an optical resonance cavity. The cavity configurations include symmetric and asymmetric Fabry-Perot etalons. The liquid crystal cells can be planar- or homeotropically-aligned and can be discrete state or analog cells. The device configurations of the present invention provide discrete or continuous optical modulation of the phase, intensity, and wavelength of elliptically polarized light, without requiring polarization analyzers. The modulators are optically or electronically addressable in single pixels or arrays of multiple pixels. Certain homeotropically-aligned cells are provided as an aspect of this invention, as are certain variable retarders comprised of planar-aligned cells in combination with birefringent elements.