Abstract: An improved receiver for use in a robotic theodolite spatial positioning apparatus that allows a single user to determine elevation and azimuth angle data. To determine elevation angle of the receiver, the receiver has a sensor that receives a first position signal and a second position signal emitted from an optical transmitter. The receiver outputs a first and a second receive signal. A calculator in the receiver determines the first interval time separation between the first and second receive signals, converts the first time interval separation into elevation angle data and outputs the elevation angle data. A display in the receiver receives and displays the elevation angle data. The receiver is selectively positionable within a workspace.

Abstract: A high precision laser range finder comprises an APC loop for eliminating a timing jitter problem due to different reflections on a target. The APC loop comprises a laser receiver, a peak holding circuit, an integrator and a high voltage generator. The peak holding circuit is connected with the laser receiver for detecting a signal strength outputted from the laser receiver. The high voltage generator provides the laser driver and laser receiver with voltage so as to control the strength of the emitted laser pulse signal of the laser driver and the gain of the avalanche photo-detector. The integrator is used to eliminate the steady error in the APC loop. Furthermore, a time to amplitude converting circuit comprises an AJD converter for obtaining a distance data and then filtering in a microprocessor to increase the measurement accuracy.

Abstract: A system identifies a number of targets within a main beam of an antenna array that transmits the main beam and receives echo returns from the main beam. A covariance matrix is generated using the echo returns. The presence of at least one target within a single range cell is detected. A plurality of consecutive pulses are transmitted in a direction of the single range cell within a sufficiently short period that the at least one target remains within the single range cell while the plurality of consecutive pulses are transmitted. An echo signal is sampled from each of the plurality of pulses. An updated covariance matrix is estimated each time the echo signal is sampled. An eigenvalue decomposition is updated each time the covariance matrix is updated. The number of targets in the single range cell is estimated, based on the updated eigenvalue decomposition.

Abstract: An improved optic flow sensor is provided which affords enhanced bandwidth without the use of a lens. A plurality of photoreceptor circuits, arranged in a linear array, sense light received from a visual field and produce a plurality of photoreceptor signals in accordance with the light sensed. A negative iris, disposed between the visual field and the photoreceptor circuits, blocks a portion of the light from the visual field so that the light blocked by the negative iris is not received by the photoreceptor circuits. The photoreceptor signals are used in determining optic flow in the visual field. The invention is useful for implementation using micro electromechanical system (MEMS) techniques.

Abstract: The rotary laser irradiating system according to the present invention comprises a main unit, a rotator rotatably mounted on said main unit, and a range-finding unit disposed on said main unit, wherein said main unit comprises a light emitting unit for emitting a laser beam, optical means for directing said laser beam and a range-finding light from said range-finding unit toward said rotator, and tilt sensors for detecting horizontality and verticality of a rotation axis of said rotator, said rotator comprises deflecting means for deflecting the laser beam and the range-finding light from said optical means and rotating position detecting means for detecting a rotating position of the rotator, and said rotating position detecting means being designed to project said laser beam and said range-finding light in a predetermined direction.

Abstract: A reduced noise optical system is provided for use in measuring distance, range-finding and scanning. The system comprises at least one lens, at least one receiver operably positioned to receive a return beam of light reflected from an object and a limiting aperture operably aligned with the lens to limit the signal, and thus the noise, transmitted in the return beam.

Abstract: A vehicle alignment sensor system includes a first sensor assembly for measuring at least a first angle with respect to a fixed reference, that angle being related in a predetermined manner to an alignment angle of a vehicle whose alignment is to be measured, and a second sensor assembly for mounting in a known geometrical relationship to a wheel of a vehicle whose alignment is to be measured. The first sensor assembly has at least one detector, and the second sensor assembly has at least a pair of emitters in fixed geometrical relationship with respect to each other. The detector is capable of measuring the apparent geometrical relationship of the pair of emitters to determine a relative alignment angle of the vehicle, so that a true alignment angle of the vehicle is determinable from the first angle and the relative alignment angle. A calibration method using the present invention is also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for efficient use of the transmit power of a Traffic Alert Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) that allows enhanced surveillance range and limits radio frequency (RF) interference in crowded airspace. The method reduces power density in crowded airspace by modifying Mode S, Mode A and Mode C interrogations. During Mode S broadcasts, tracking interrogation power is reduced as a function of range. Further transmit power reduction is achieved by broadcasting a variable power density whisper-shout interrogation technique for Mode A/C aircraft when garbling is detected. If garbling is observed during a medium whisper-shout interrogation sequence, the method of the present invention attempts to clear the garbling by using focused high-density whisper-shout steps but only in the ranges where garbling was detected. Formation members can account for other formation members that are TCAS equipped using a special E-TCAS Broadcast Interrogation.

Abstract: A laser-based target detection system applicable to search and rescue operations takes into account a plurality of optical attributes in the energy delivered to, and received from, a target-containing area. In addition to analyzing the returned optical signature for sufficient energy reflected by a potential target at a primary laser wavelength, the system also senses the target's effect on a supplemental optical attribute. Only when sufficient amplitude at the primary wavelength is detected in conjunction with a substantial effect on the supplemental optical attribute is a valid target confirmed. The supplemental optical attribute can be amplitude at a wavelength other than the primary wavelength, with the system looking for a high degree of attenuation at the non-primary wavelength, or polarization. with the system preferably looking for change of orientation in the return optical signature.

Abstract: Apparatus for determining a distance of a target, the apparatus comprising a pulse transmitter, a gatable beam detector, and a comparator, the gatable beam detector being operable to obtain gated and calibration beam energy information of a pulse transmitted by the beam pulse transmitter for reflection from the target, and to pass the beam energy information to the comparator, thereby to obtain a ratio between the gated and the calibration beam energy, the ratio being inversely proportional to the distance. Also an array thereof for simultaneously obtaining distances of a multiplicity of points of a three-dimensional object in real time, in particular to obtain movement information of the target.

Abstract: Position and orientation determination uses stationary fan beam sources and rotating mirrors to sweep fan beams. In a first embodiment, a single motor has an elongated drive shaft with mirrors mounted on it, the reflective faces of which lie either in common planes or face in opposite directions. Fan beams are generated by stationary laser beam sources aimed at each mirror. As the mirrors rotate, each stationary source is reflected off a particular mirror and into a measuring space in a predictable pattern of movement. Electrical circuitry is provided with knowledge of the rotative position of the mirrors at any given time. A sensor attached to the object to be measured detects time of arrival of impinging scanning beams. At least one of the fan-shaped beams is skewed with respect to other beams, and at least two of the fan-shaped beams have origins sufficiently separated to allow accurate triangulation of the position and orientation of the sensor over various regions of the measuring space.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a non-prism type automatic surveying apparatus and a three-dimensions measuring method or the like, which measure a distance to an object to be measured without using a reflecting prism or the like. A lightwave range finder capable of performing non-prism measurements has an angle measuring unit and a distance measuring unit. Arithmetic processing means for recognition can recognize an object to be measured according to image processing. The angle measuring unit and the distance measuring unit can respectively measure distances to and angles relative to at least three specified points on a plane &agr; including measuring points of the object to be measured. The angle measuring unit can measure angles relative to each individual measuring points.

Abstract: A computer diary archives a diary entry by creating, time stamping, authenticating and permanently storing a reference data block along with each diary entry. An archived diary entry can only be modified by placing original text within compartment codes, such as cross-out or tear-out codes, and by placing inserted text within insertion codes so that the original diary entry can be recreated from the modified diary entry. The reference data block, which can be the original diary entry, a canonical version of the original diary entry, or a one way fixed length encryption (hash) of the original diary entry, cannot be modified and is used to authenticate the original diary entry. The diary program also monitors text entry for aliases and relative date phrases, and upon detection, prompts the user for entry or enters a specific identifier for each detected alias in an alias compartment or an absolute date for each relative date phrase in an implied date compartment in the diary entry.

Abstract: An ANVIS aid, such as an ANVIS goggles set, with a first optical filter is described. A second optical filter blocking light in an opposite sense from the first optical filter is placed at a color display, which may otherwise present offending light that would interfere with the ANVIS.

Abstract: A reticle adapter (100) for judging distance from an object (12) is used with a viewing apparatus (A) to detect relative positions of signals from at least two spaced apart marker devices (10) formed on a first object (12). An image of the relative positions of the markers is created within a field of view (16). A reticle projecting member (110) is removably mounted on the viewer (A). The reticle projector (110) forms a reticle signal (112) superimposed on the field of view at the scene input end (118) of the viewer (A). The reticle is selected to form a control area within which simultaneous appearance of at least two images of the spaced apart markers indicates that the first object (12) is at a distance at least as great as a desired distance from the viewer.

Abstract: An apparatus for the detection of any intruder passing through an electronic fence is disclosed. The electronic fence is formed by a millimeter wave radar positioned at one end of the fence and a plurality of reflectors placed along the floor of the fence as well as on a structure at its far end. The fence is formed of a plurality of electromagnetic beams traversing between the radar antenna or antennas and each of the reflectors. A sufficient number of beams inhabit the fence volume to make traversing the fence by an intruder without detection essentially impossible. The radar reflection from the intruder's person is used to report the location of an intruder attempting to traverse the electronic fence near the radar end and is the secondary means of detection at greater ranges where breaking of one or more electromagnetic beams constitutes the primary means of detection.

Abstract: The invention provides a small optical microphone/sensor (2) for measuring distances to, and/or physical properties of, a reflective surface, comprising a source of light (4) coupled to a light waveguide (6) for transmitting a light beam through the waveguide; the waveguide (6) having at one of its ends a pointed face (12) with an angle determined by Snell's Law of Refraction sin ⁢   ⁢ α 1 sin ⁢   ⁢ α 2 = n 2 n 1 wherein &agr;1 is the angle of travel of the light beam through the waveguide media; &agr;2 is the angle of travel of the light beam in a second media when exiting from the pointed face, and n1 and n2 are the light indices of the light waveguide media and the second media; the reflect

Abstract: A setback decoder monitors the IF output from a cable-ready receiver and automatically provides a descrambled audio/video signal back to the receiver for output to the subscriber. When the receiver is tuned to a CATV channel which provides signals in a scrambled format, the decoder detects the scrambled signal, determines whether the subscriber is authorized to view the selected program, and descrambles the signal to provide a descrambled output signal to the receiver. The receiver detects the audio/visual output from the decoder and automatically outputs the audio/visual information to the subscriber.

Abstract: A rangefinder apparatus includes an infrared emitting diode projecting a light beam toward a target object several times; a position sensing device (PSD) for detecting light of the light beam reflected from the target object and outputting a signal corresponding to a distance to the target object; an auto-focus integrated circuit (AFIC) for processing the output signal of the PSD; and a CPU for outputting a control signal for the signal processing and a clamp setting signal for setting a clamp level to the AFIC, and a reset signal for resetting the AFIC to an initial state at an input terminal identical to that for the clamp setting signal. Since the clamp setting signal and the reset signal are fed to the same terminal, the cost of the signal processor can be reduced.

Abstract: A process for determining an attitude measurement of a spacecraft is provided. The process employs a Horizon-Crossing Indicator (HCI) sensor 108. The process uses three time tagged crossings of the earth circle 104 to provide sufficient HCI data to determine the earth center 106. Since these observations may be infrequent, the relative attitude of the spacecraft 100 changes for each observation time. Therefore, once the integrated angular rate data, and thus the attitude relative to some reference, for the first, second and third horizon crossings is obtained, the sensor bore-sight data for each of these observations is transformed back to a known reference time. In one example, the integrated angular rate data from the third and second horizon crossings is transformed back to first horizon crossing time T1.