Abstract: A photoconductive detector array is formed in a single body of semiconductor material. The individual photoconductive detectors are formed by regions of first conductivity type. The bulk of the semiconductor body is of a second conductivity type, thereby electrically isolating the individual photoconductive detectors from one another. This detector array is easier to fabricate than prior art detector arrays, and has unique signal enhancement properties.

Abstract: Disclosed is a micro-switch employing a light source and a photo-responsive device disposed in optically interconnected cavities in a common housing. The optical path interconnecting the two cavities is controlled by an opaque reciprocal plunger having a plurality of apertures therethrough which may be placed in register with the optical path by movement of the plunger. The switch may be converted from a normally open to a normally closed switch, or vice versa, by rotation of the plunger to alternately select the aperture in the plunger which may be placed in register with the optical path.

Abstract: Tunneling electronic devices responsive to infrared and far infrared radiation are formed by overlapping deposits which define ultra-thin dielectric layers (less than about 10 Angstrom thickness) between metal layers, and contact areas of the order of 1 micron.sup.2 or less. Preferred embodiments feature operation in the negative impedance region, particularly using multibarrier structures or operating at low temperature with both metals superconductors, and incorporation of the same in oscillators and multivibrators. Other embodiments feature two or more such devices in the form of triodes having positive feedback achieved by radiative or inductive coupling using integrally deposited line structures as the respective antennas or inductors. Similar deposited antennas, e.g. dipole antennas, are employed to produce radiative outputs from the devices achieving, e.g. tunable sources of radiation in the far infrared or infrared.

Abstract: An optical embossing reader wherein the presence of embossing at predetermined locations on a reflective plane surface is detected including means for illuminating a region of said predetermined location and light sensing means for receiving light originating from said illuminating means reflected from said reflective plane surface. The sensing means is positioned relative to the illuminating means and predetermined location for the gating by the embossing of the quantity of reflected light actually received by the sensing means if the predetermined location is embossed.

Abstract: Optical diodes are shown in the forms of a mechanically contacted cat whisker system and as single and multiple microscopic solid portions in an integrated solid mass, defining both the antenna and the junction, preferably as a deposit of solid layers upon a substrate, preferably as overlapping printed circuit line structures. Arrays of such junctions provide enhanced effects.In a scanner, read-out from the junctions is shown indirectly, using an electron beam, and directly using leads connected to respective antennae. Local oscillators directing radiation upon an image disecting array, mixing in the junctions with incident radiation from the image create superheterodyne beats leading to improved levels of detection. By phase locking the local oscillator to the frequency of coherent image - illuminating radiation, and detecting phase of the beats relative to the illuminating radiation, as well as amplitude, a holographic display of the image is achieved.

Abstract: An optical intensity adjustment device for adjusting the intensity of optical radiation incident thereon includes a first transparent conducting electrode, a second transparent conducting electrode, a layer of a twisted nematic liquid crystal material contained between the first electrode and the second electrode, an optical polarisation polariser located adjacent to the first electrode for linearly polarising optical radiation incident on the said layer, via the first electrode, an optical polarisation analyser located adjacent to the second electrode for analysing the plane of polarisation of optical radiation emergent from the said layer, means for applying a voltage between the first electrode and the second electrode and, electrically connected to said means for applying a voltage, photoelectric means for sampling the intensity of optical radiation incident on the device and for allowing the voltage applied between the first electrode and the second electrode to be adjusted in response to a change in the

Abstract: This invention relates to a protective guard for surrounding hazardous parts of a machine. The guard comprises a photoelectric barrier, connected to a circuit which will shut down the machine both when the photoelectric beam is broken, and also when a part of the photoelectric system fails to operate correctly.

Abstract: A voltage probe is provided for measuring high frequency transients during lectromagnetic pulse simulator testing of electronic devices. A probe tip module including input terminals for receiving transient voltages, a differential amplifier producing a representative output voltage in response to the transients received and a lamp driver amplifier selectively driving one or another of a pair of light emitting diodes in logarithmic response to the output of the differential amplifier is coupled with the testing geometry. The light output of the diodes is coupled through two respective fiber optics devices to respective photodetector inputs of two signal channels which convert the photodetector outputs to suitable driving signals for a dual trace oscilloscope.

Abstract: A light impact on the photocathode of a photomultiplier is localized by defocusing the beam of emitted photoelectrons, sweeping the surface of the photocathode by means of a localized electric field which is located in the vicinity of the photocathode and by measuring the time which elapses between the instant of commencement of sweeping of the photocathode surface and at least one change of sign of the anode signal.

Abstract: A method and device for determining acentricities in a powder material by illuminating the powder with a collimated coherent light beam of given wave-length which generates a second harmonic in the material. The second harmonic with the fundamental removed by filters is divided by a beam splitter and sent to two photomultipliers -- one of which has a narrow band filter to select only light of one wave-length. If all the light is generated at the second harmonic equal signals are produced by the photomultipliers. If non-second harmonic radiation is produced, a larger signal will be produced in the unfiltered reference channel.

Abstract: An apparatus for optimizing the yield of predetermined usable pieces from a workpiece such as a board of lumber or the like having randomly disposed defects designated on a plane surface thereof including means for scanning the workpiece to detect unusable defect containing areas on the plane surface, means for forming and storing a primary bit matrix corresponding to a pattern of scanned unusable defect containing areas, means for identifying predetermined combinable unusable defect containing areas and predetermined combinable unusable non-defect containing areas on the primary bit matrix, means for merging identified combinable unusable defect and non-defect containing areas to produce a list defining a pattern consisting of one or a combination of a group consisting of combined and uncombined unusable areas, defining usable areas, means for establishing and storing predetermined billing requirements, means for successively determining on the basis of the usable area information and the predetermined billi

Abstract: An optical focus detecting apparatus for an optical system includes a focus scanning and spatial frequency filter comprising a rotating chopper disc. The disc is arranged at an angle with respect to the axis thereof whereby the disc focus position is oscillated back and forth through a predetermined plane, which plane may comprise the film plane of a camera. The disc includes a plurality of transparent and opaque radial sector pairs, the widths of the sectors of any pair being the same and randomly different from the widths of the sectors of adjacent pairs. The sector pairs are so relatively arranged that sector pairs of substantially identical widths are repeated at positions displaced 180.degree. on the disc whereby the modulation of the image optical spectrum is random in nature. The distribution of transparent and opaque sectors is such that the average transmission of light by the disc is 50 percent of the incident light.

Abstract: A method of energizing an electroluminescent device including several in series connected elementary light sources at least two of which emit radiations of different wavelengths, comprising the steps of supplying the light sources with current pulses of different intensities and controlling the duration of the pulses so that each intensity is inversely proportional to the emitted light flux.

Abstract: A device for measuring an angular deviation by a space-time modulated heterodyne detection comprising a coherent optical radiation transmitter pointed at a target, a local transmitter of a coherent optical radiation having the same wavelength as the preceding radiation, a photovoltaic detector, means for focussing at a point on said detector the radiation reflected by the target, and means for converting the radiation of the local transmitter into a parallel beam and causing said parallel beam to impinge perpendicularly on the surface of said detector, wherein the means for space-time modulating the heterodyne detection are interposed in the path of the radiation from the local transmitter.

Abstract: A frequency synthesizer for scanning a number of predetermined frequencies using radiated electromagnetic energy detected at an array of electromagnetic energy transducers for providing a frequency determinative code. The frequency code is obtained by insertion of a programmed data mask between a source of electromagnetic energy and the array of electromagnetic energy transducers. The frequency code is connected to the input of a programmable divider which also receives the output from a voltage controlled oscillator. The programmable divider provides an output frequency which is a quotient of the voltage controlled oscillator output frequency. The quotient output frequency is compared with a reference frequency for producing a control voltage for the voltage controlled oscillator. The voltage controlled oscillator is thereby driven to produce an output frequency determined by the coded input to the programmable divider.

Abstract: A switch for use in a keyboard consists of an input light pipe, one or more output light pipes and means selectively operable to cause light to be reflected from the input light pipe into the output light pipes. The output light pipes are preferably connected to photodetectors which detect whether or not the switch is actuated by determining the amount of light incident thereon. When such a switch is to be used in a keyboard which is required to produce a coded output, one photodetector is provided for each digit of the code and output light pipes on the various switches are connected to the photodetectors in accordance with the code.

Abstract: A system for detecting the distinction of the object image characterized in that respectively on a photoelectric transducing element presenting electrodes on both extremities along the longer sides of a photoelectric semiconductor presenting considerably short sides as compared with the long sides and on a photoelectric transducing element presenting electrodes on both extremities along the shorter sides of a photoelectric semiconductor presenting considerably short sides as compared with the long sides an object image is formed by means of an optics and that the distinction of the above mentioned object image is detected by detecting the electric characteristics variable corresponding to the distinction of the above mentioned object image, of each of the above mentioned photoelectric transducing elements.

Abstract: This invention relates to a light pen, and more particularly to a construction of such light pen in which a small portion having a scanning face and including a combined end of a photonconductive optical fiber bundle is housed within a cartridge body, and the remaining bifurcated portion of the fiber bundle is housed in the pen holder body and a cord provided continuous thereto, the cartridge and pen holder bodies being detachably joined together.

Abstract: A direction sensing device for a punched tape which is capable of movement linearly through an optical reading apparatus. The device is of a simplified design that is easily incorporated with the optical reading apparatus. The basic structure includes means for dividing the light projected from the light source, and a pair of photosensitive members that are activated in sequence thereby determining the direction of movement of the tape.

Abstract: The invention relates to an X- and Gamma-ray sensitive image intensification tube for use in a so-called gamma camera or the like, which tube preferably has a single crystal input phosphor.