Abstract: Various embodiments relate to a hybrid electromechanical transformer system and related methods. One such system comprises an electromechanical transformer device comprising an oscillating suspension element, wherein the oscillating suspension element comprises a platform and one or more suspension arms. The one or more suspension arms are attached to a respective side of the platform, wherein the oscillating suspension element further comprises a frame. The device further comprises at least one piezoelectric element attached to the one or more suspension arms of the oscillating suspension element of the oscillating suspension element: a piezoelectric transducer port coupled to the at least one piezoelectric element: a permanent magnet attached to the platform of the oscillating suspension element; a coil electrodynamically coupled with the permanent magnet and attached to the frame of the oscillating suspension element; and an electrodynamic transducer port coupled to the coil.

Abstract: Methods/systems for monitoring fault duration in circuit interrupt devices perform edge detection using a second time derivative of a current or voltage waveform. The second derivative reveals peaks that may be used to establish starting and ending times for the fault duration. In some embodiments, the second derivatives are derived only for portions of the waveform within time windows that enclose the fault duration starting and ending times, respectively. The above arrangement provides a consistent way of determining durations of transitory events, such as durations of faults, and the like, that does not rely on waveform zero-crossings. The duration determinations may be implemented locally within a device, and/or the device may acquire and transfer underlying waveform data to an external system for the duration determinations. Data from multiple devices may be collected over time for analysis and modeling to provide remote support and monitoring of local devices via digital twins.

Abstract: Methods/systems for monitoring fault duration in circuit interrupt devices perform edge detection using a second time derivative of a current or voltage waveform. The second derivative reveals peaks that may be used to establish starting and ending times for the fault duration. In some embodiments, the second derivatives are derived only for portions of the waveform within time windows that enclose the fault duration starting and ending times, respectively. The above arrangement provides a consistent way of determining durations of transitory events, such as durations of faults, and the like, that does not rely on waveform zero-crossings. The duration determinations may be implemented locally within a device, and/or the device may acquire and transfer underlying waveform data to an external system for the duration determinations. Data from multiple devices may be collected over time for analysis and modeling to provide remote support and monitoring of local devices via digital twins.

Abstract: Systems and methods for sensing current provide a Rogowski coil type current sensor for a current flow monitoring device in which the coil windings are formed by electrically conductive traces on a printed circuit board (PCB) substrate. Each coil winding is composed of two or more elongate traces formed on a PCB substrate and extending radially outward from a central opening or hole in the PCB substrate. Each trace coil winding is connected to electrically conductive vias, one via at each end of the trace. The via at one end connects the trace to another trace in coil winding, while the via at the other end connects the trace to a different trace in the same coil winding or an adjacent coil winding. The result is a conductive helix encircling the central opening in the PCB substrate that electrically resembles a Rogowski coil.

Abstract: A system and method are provided for energy monitoring. The system and method include a trace current sensor formed on a first printed circuit board (PCB) substrate around at an opening of the first PCB substrate. The opening is configured to receive a portion of an electrical conductor to be monitored by the sensor. The system and method also include a signal conditioner for conditioning an output signal from the sensor. The output signal corresponds to a measurement of current on the conductor. The system and method can further include a processor(s) for measuring energy usage of load(s) connected to the conductor based on the current measurement. The signal conditioner and/or the processor(s) are either on the first PCB substrate or on a separate second PCB substrate which is connected to the first PCB substrate across a flexible connector.

Abstract: Systems and methods for sensing current provide a planar coil current sensor for a current flow monitoring device in which an electrically conductive trace is formed on a printed circuit board (PCB) substrate in a spiral or winding pattern to form a planar coil. The spiral or winding pattern may take the form of a polygonal, circular, or other shape depending on the particular implementation. Such a planar coil current sensor may then be placed in close proximity to a current carrying conductor to sense the current in the conductor. The current in the conductor induces an electromagnetic field around the conductor that, in turn, generates a voltage in the nearby planar coil current sensor. The inductively coupled voltage in the planar coil current sensor may then be used to monitor and measure the current in the conductor.