Abstract: An image forming method includes forming an image with a toner using a photoconductor in which an intermediate layer and a photosensitive layer including a charge generating layer and a charge transport layer are formed overlying an electroconductive substrate, wherein the ionization potential of the surface of the photoconductor and the ionization potential of the surface of the toner satisfy the following relations 1 and 2, |Ip (the surface of the photoconductor)?Ip (the surface of the toner)|?5.53 (eV)?? Relation 1 5.45 (eV)?Ip (the surface of the photoconductor)?5.53 (eV)?? Relation 2 where Ip (the surface of the photoconductor) represents the ionization potential of the surface of the photoconductor and Ip (the surface of the toner) represents the ionization potential of the surface of the toner.

Abstract: An image forming method includes forming an image with a toner using a photoconductor in which an intermediate layer and a photosensitive layer including a charge generating layer and a charge transport layer are formed overlying an electroconductive substrate, wherein the ionization potential of the surface of the photoconductor and the ionization potential of the surface of the toner satisfy the following relations 1 and 2, |Ip (the surface of the photoconductor)?Ip (the surface of the toner)|?5.53 (eV)?? Relation 1 5.45 (eV)?Ip (the surface of the photoconductor)?5.53 (eV)?? Relation 2 where Ip (the surface of the photoconductor) represents the ionization potential of the surface of the photoconductor and Ip (the surface of the toner) represents the ionization potential of the surface of the toner.

Abstract: An image forming method includes forming an image with a toner using a photoconductor in which an intermediate layer and a photosensitive layer including a charge generating layer and a charge transport layer are formed overlying an electroconductive substrate, wherein the ionization potential of the surface of the photoconductor and the ionization potential of the surface of the toner satisfy the following relations 1 and 2, |Ip (the surface of the photoconductor)?Ip (the surface of the toner)|?0.18 (eV)?? Relation 1 5.45 (eV)?Ip (the surface of the photoconductor)?5.53 (eV)?? Relation 2 where Ip (the surface of the photoconductor) represents the ionization potential of the surface of the photoconductor and Ip (the surface of the toner) represents the ionization potential of the surface of the toner.

Abstract: A photoconductor is provided. The photoconductor includes a support, an undercoat layer overlying the support, and a photosensitive layer overlying the undercoat layer. The undercoat layer includes a binder resin and a zinc oxide particle. The photosensitive layer includes a compound represented by the following formula (1): where each of R1 and R2 independently represents an alkyl group or an aromatic hydrocarbon group.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a photoconductor containing an electroconductive substrate and a photosensitive layer, wherein, in a curve obtained by the steps (I) through (V) described herein, a surface of the photosensitive layer has a WRa (LML) of from 0.02 ?m to 0.03 ?m, a WRa (LHL) of from 0.006 ?m to 0.01 ?m, and a WRa (HLH) of 0.001 ?m or less, where the arithmetical mean roughness (WRa) are defined as Ra in JIS-B0601:2001 and WRa (HHH) to WRa (LLL) represent individual Ra's as described herein.

Abstract: An image forming method includes forming an image with a toner using a photoconductor in which an intermediate layer and a photosensitive layer including a charge generating layer and a charge transport layer are formed overlying an electroconductive substrate, wherein the ionization potential of the surface of the photoconductor and the ionization potential of the surface of the toner satisfy the following relations 1 and 2, |Ip(the surface of the photoconductor)?Ip(the surface of the toner)|?0.18 (eV)?? Relation 1 5.45 (eV)?Ip(the surface of the photoconductor)?5.53 (eV)?? Relation 2 where Ip (the surface of the photoconductor) represents the ionization potential of the surface of the photoconductor and Ip (the surface of the toner) represents the ionization potential of the surface of the toner.

Abstract: A photoconductor is provided. The photoconductor includes a support, an undercoat layer overlying the support, and a photosensitive layer overlying the undercoat layer. The undercoat layer includes a binder resin and a zinc oxide particle. The photosensitive layer includes a compound represented by the following formula (1): where each of R1 and R2 independently represents an alkyl group or an aromatic hydrocarbon group.

Abstract: A photoconductor includes an electroconductive substrate; an intermediate layer overlying the electroconductive substrate; and a photosensitive layer overlying the intermediate layer. The intermediate layer includes a metal oxide particle and a binder resin, and satisfies the following relations (1) and (2): Smr=Scut/Sk??(1) 0.4?Smr?0.6??(2) where Smr represents an areal ratio of concave parts; Sk represents a reference area; and a Scut represents a cross-sectional area obtained by cutting a three-dimensional curved surface obtained from the reference area with an average height surface, the average height surface being a surface constituted of averaged height of all measured height data.

Abstract: A photoconductor, including an electroconductive substrate; an intermediate layer overlying the electroconductive substrate; and a photosensitive layer overlying the intermediate layer. The intermediate layer includes a metal oxide and a binder resin, and has a WRa (LLH) less than 0.12 ?m and WRa (LHH) of from 0.03 to 0.2 ?m in a curve.

Abstract: A photoconductor includes an electroconductive substrate; an intermediate layer overlying the electroconductive substrate; and a photosensitive layer overlying the intermediate layer. The intermediate layer includes a metal oxide particle and a binder resin, and satisfies the following relations (1) and (2): Smr=Scut/Sk??(1) 0.4?Smr?0.6??(2) wherein Smr represents an areal ratio of projecting parts; Sk represents a reference area; and a Scut represents a cross-sectional area obtained by cutting a three-dimensional curved surface obtained from the reference area with an average height surface, the average height surface being a surface constituted of averaged height of all measured height data.

Abstract: A photoconductor includes an electroconductive substrate; and a photosensitive layer provided overlying the electroconductive substrate, wherein, in a curve obtained by: (I) measuring a convexoconcave form, (II) conducting multi-resolution analysis (MRA-1), (III). making a single dimensional data arrangement, (IV) conducting further wavelet conversion, (V) connecting logarithms, a surface of the photosensitive layer has a WRa (LML) of from 0.02 ?m to 0.03 ?m, a WRa (LHL) of from 0.006 ?m to 0.01 ?m, and a WRa (HLH) of 0.

Abstract: In a photoreceptor including an electroconductive substrate; a photosensitive layer; and a protective layer, the protective layer includes a crosslinked resin having a residual group of a polycarboxylic acid compound and a group having the below-mentioned formula (10), and at least one of a compound having the below-mentioned formula (2) and a compound having the below-mentioned formula (3). wherein each of R5 and R6 independently represents a hydrogen atom, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. wherein each of R7 and R8 independently represents a hydrogen atom, or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and Z1 represents a vinylene group, a divalent aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms, or a 2,5-thiophenediyl group.

Abstract: A photoconductor, including an electroconductive substrate; an intermediate layer overlying the electroconductive substrate; and a photosensitive layer overlying the intermediate layer. The intermediate layer includes a metal oxide and a binder resin, and has a WRa (LLH) less than 0.12 ?m and WRa (LHH) of from 0.03 to 0.2 ?m in a curve.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus, including a photoreceptor; a charger; an irradiator; an image developer; a transferer; a fixer; and a cleaning blade formed of a strip-shaped elastic blade, removing a powder from the surface of the photoreceptor passing an edge line of the blade while contacting thereto, wherein the photoreceptor includes a crosslinked resin surface layer formed of at least one of an acrylic resin and a methacrylic resin, and the cleaning blade includes a contact point with the photoreceptor, including a substrate; a mixed layer formed of at least one of an acrylic resin and a methacrylic resin, located at the surface of the substrate; and a surface layer formed of at least one of an acrylic resin and a methacrylic resin, located on the surface of the substrate.

Abstract: A photoreceptor including an electroconductive substrate; a photosensitive layer, which is located overlying the electroconductive substrate and which includes a charge generation material, a charge transport material having no radical polymerizability, a binder resin having no radical polymerizability, and a crosslinked polymer including a unit obtained from a first radically polymerizable monomer having three or more functional groups and no charge transport structure and a unit obtained from a second radically polymerizable monomer having a charge transport structure; and an outermost layer, which is located on the photosensitive layer and which includes a crosslinked polymer including a unit obtained from a third radically polymerizable monomer having three or more functional groups and no charge transport structure and a unit obtained from a fourth radically polymerizable monomer having a charge transport structure. An image forming method and apparatus, and a process cartridge using the photoreceptor.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member having a photosensitive layer and a sub-surface layer having a charge transportability, overlying the photosensitive layer wherein the sub-surface layer is formed of a cured material formed of a radical polymerizable monomer having three or more functional groups with no charge transport structure and a radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport structure, wherein the arithmetical mean roughness WRa of about each of frequency components of HMH, HML, and HLH obtained by wavelet conversion of values measured by a surface texture and the contour form measuring device ranges from 0.0002 ?m to 0.005 ?m and WRa (LLH) is 0.05 ?m or less, wherein the sub-surface layer contains at least one of a particular oxazole compound or a particular diamine compound.

Abstract: A photoreceptor including an electroconductive substrate; a photosensitive layer on the electroconductive substrate; and a protection layer on the photosensitive layer, wherein the protection layer includes a radical polymerizable compound having three or more radical polymerizable groups without a charge transportable group, a monofunctional radical polymerizable compound having a specific charge transportable group and a non-radical polymerizable compound having a specific charge transportable group.

Abstract: A photoreceptor includes an electroconductive substrate, and a laminate structure formed of at least a charge generating layer and a charge transport layer and provided overlying the electroconductive substrate, wherein the charge transport layer contains a charge transport material, a compound represented by the following formula 1 and a compound represented by the following formula 2: in the formula 1, R1 and R2 each independently represent substituted or non-substituted alkyl groups or aromatic hydrocarbon groups and one of R1 and R2 represents a substituted or non-substituted aromatic hydrocarbon group, R1 and R2 bonded to the same nitrogen atom may be bonded together to form a substituted or non-substituted nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group, and Ar represents a substituted or non-substituted hydrocarbon group; in the formula 2, R3 and R4 each independently represent substituted or non-substituted alkyl groups or aromatic hydrocarbon groups.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus, including a photoreceptor; a charger; an irradiator; an image developer; a transferer; a fixer; and a cleaning blade formed of a strip-shaped elastic blade, removing a powder from the surface of the photoreceptor passing an edge line of the blade while contacting thereto, wherein the photoreceptor includes a crosslinked resin surface layer formed of at least one of an acrylic resin and a methacrylic resin, and the cleaning blade includes a contact point with the photoreceptor, including a substrate; a mixed layer formed of at least one of an acrylic resin and a methacrylic resin, located at the surface of the substrate; and a surface layer formed of at least one of an acrylic resin and a methacrylic resin, located on the surface of the substrate.

Abstract: In a photoreceptor including an electroconductive substrate; a photosensitive layer; and a protective layer, the protective layer includes a crosslinked resin having a residual group of a polycarboxylic acid compound and a group having the below-mentioned formula (10), and at least one of a compound having the below-mentioned formula (2) and a compound having the below-mentioned formula (3). wherein each of R5 and R6 independently represents a hydrogen atom, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. wherein each of R7 and R8 independently represents a hydrogen atom, or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and Z1 represents a vinylene group, a divalent aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms, or a 2,5-thiophenediyl group.