Abstract: A distributed feedback semiconductor laser of includes a semiconductor stacked body and a first electrode. The semiconductor stacked body includes a first layer, an active layer that is provided on the first layer and is configured to emit laser light by an intersubband optical transition, and a second layer that is provided on the active layer. The semiconductor stacked body has a first surface including a flat portion and a trench portion; the flat portion includes a front surface of the second layer; the trench portion reaches the first layer from the front surface; the flat portion includes a first region and a second region; the first region extends along a first straight line; the second region extends to be orthogonal to the first straight line; and the trench portion and the second region outside the first region form a diffraction grating having a prescribed pitch along the first straight line. The first electrode is provided in the first region.

Abstract: A distributed feedback semiconductor laser of includes a semiconductor stacked body and a first electrode. The semiconductor stacked body includes a first layer, an active layer that is provided on the first layer and is configured to emit laser light by an intersubband optical transition, and a second layer that is provided on the active layer. The semiconductor stacked body has a first surface including a flat portion and a trench portion; the flat portion includes a front surface of the second layer; the trench portion reaches the first layer from the front surface; the flat portion includes a first region and a second region; the first region extends along a first straight line; the second region extends to be orthogonal to the first straight line; and the trench portion and the second region outside the first region form a diffraction grating having a prescribed pitch along the first straight line. The first electrode is provided in the first region.

Abstract: A surface emitting quantum cascade laser includes an active layer, a first semiconductor layer, and first electrode. The active layer has a plurality of quantum well layers stacked therein. The active layer is capable of emitting laser light by inter-subband transition. The first semiconductor layer is provided on the active layer and having a first surface provided with a plurality of pits so as to constitute a two-dimensional lattice. The first electrode is provided on the first semiconductor layer and having a periodic opening. Each pit is asymmetric with respect to a line parallel to a side of the lattice. The laser light is emitted in a direction generally perpendicular to the active layer from a pit exposed to the opening.

Abstract: A surface emitting quantum cascade laser includes an active layer, a first semiconductor layer, and first electrode. The active layer has a plurality of quantum well layers stacked therein. The active layer is capable of emitting laser light by inter-subband transition. The first semiconductor layer is provided on the active layer and having a first surface provided with a plurality of pits so as to constitute a two-dimensional lattice. The first electrode is provided on the first semiconductor layer and having a periodic opening. Each pit is asymmetric with respect to a line parallel to a side of the lattice. The laser light is emitted in a direction generally perpendicular to the active layer from a pit exposed to the opening.

Abstract: A waveguide orthomode transducer includes a first radio wave conducting means for conducting an electric wave of a horizontally polarized wave branched by an electric wave branch means, for conducting another electric wave of the horizontally polarized wave, for combining the electric waves of the horizontally polarized wave into one electric wave and dividing this electric wave into an electric wave of a basic mode and an electric wave of a higher mode, and for outputting them, and a second radio wave conducting means for conducting one electric wave of a vertically polarized wave branched by the electric wave branch means, for conducting another electric wave of the vertically polarized wave, for combining the electric waves of the vertically polarized wave into one electric wave and dividing this electric wave into an electric wave of a basic mode and an electric wave of a higher mode, and for outputting them.

Abstract: A film quality inspecting method comprising applying a measuring beam having a specific wavelength to an annealed silicon film formed on a substrate in a direction inclined with respect to the silicon film, measuring a reflection intensity or reflectivity of a reflection beam reflected by the silicon film as a result of the application, and inspecting a film quality of the silicon film based on a measurement value obtained by the measurement.

Abstract: A waveguide orthomode transducer includes a first radio wave conducting means for conducting an electric wave of a horizontally polarized wave branched by an electric wave branch means, for conducting another electric wave of the horizontally polarized wave, for combining the electric waves of the horizontally polarized wave into one electric wave and dividing this electric wave into an electric wave of a basic mode and an electric wave of a higher mode, and for outputting them, and a second radio wave conducting means for conducting one electric wave of a vertically polarized wave branched by the electric wave branch means, for conducting another electric wave of the vertically polarized wave, for combining the electric waves of the vertically polarized wave into one electric wave and dividing this electric wave into an electric wave of a basic mode and an electric wave of a higher mode, and for outputting them.

Abstract: A connection structure is provided, which can perform an electrical connection between high-frequency circuit substrates in a manner of high workability and productivity. A connection structure comprises: a high-frequency transmission line lead frame connecting a first high-frequency transmission line formed on a first high-frequency circuit substrate to a second high-frequency transmission line formed on a second high-frequency circuit substrate; a plurality of GND electrode lead frames disposed in parallel to the high-frequency transmission line lead frame on both sides thereof, and providing a connection between a first GND electrode of the first high-frequency circuit substrate and a second GND electrode of the second high-frequency circuit substrate; and a reinforcing substrate integrally securing the high-frequency transmission line lead frame and a plurality of GND electrode lead frames.

Abstract: A connection structure is provided, which can perform an electrical connection between high-frequency circuit substrates in a manner of high workability and productivity. A connection structure comprises: a high-frequency transmission line lead frame connecting a first high-frequency transmission line formed on a first high-frequency circuit substrate to a second high-frequency transmission line formed on a second high-frequency circuit substrate; a plurality of GND electrode lead frames disposed in parallel to the high-frequency transmission line lead frame on both sides thereof, and providing a connection between a first GND electrode of the first high-frequency circuit substrate and a second GND electrode of the second high-frequency circuit substrate; and a reinforcing substrate integrally securing the high-frequency transmission line lead frame and a plurality of GND electrode lead frames.

Abstract: A film quality inspecting method comprising applying a measuring beam having a specific wavelength to an annealed silicon film formed on a substrate in a direction inclined with respect to the silicon film, measuring a reflection intensity or reflectivity of a reflection beam reflected by the silicon film as a result of the application, and inspecting a film quality of the silicon film based on a measurement value obtained by the measurement.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a liquid crystal display apparatus including (1) a liquid crystal panel including an electrodes substrate provided with pixel electrodes and counter electrodes, a counter substrate which opposes the electrodes substrate, and a liquid crystal layer containing therein liquid crystal molecules which are driven by an electric field that is generated in a substantially parallel manner with respect to a surface of the electrodes substrate when voltage is applied on the pixel electrodes and counter electrodes; and (2) a driving circuit for supplying predetermined electric signals to the pixel electrodes and the counter electrodes, wherein inclining directions of liquid crystal molecules which are closest to the electrodes substrate and those of liquid crystal molecules which are closest to the counter substrate are identical, and aligning directions of liquid crystal molecules which are closest to the electrodes substrate and those of liquid crystal molecules which are closest to the

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an in-plane switching liquid crystal display apparatus which includes forming on a TFT array substrate, a plurality of scanning signal lines, a plurality of image signal lines each crossing the scanning signal lines, thin film transistors at each intersection of the scanning signal lines and image signal lines, liquid crystal driving electrodes opposing the liquid crystal driving electrodes, and common signal lines connected to the common electrodes. Further, the method includes opposing a counter substrate to the TFT array substrate, interposing a plurality of spacers in a gap between the TFT array substrate and the counter substrate, and interposing a sealing agent in the gap between the TFT array substrate and the counter substrate so as to adhere the TFT array substrate and the counter substrate at peripheral portions thereof.

Abstract: A liquid crystal displaying apparatus high in display quality is provided which is high in aperture ratio and is free from the cross talk. In an liquid crystal displaying apparatus of the present invention, having an array substrate provided with a plurality of scanning wirings and a plurality of signal wirings, active elements, pixel electrodes, and a first alignment film, and an counter substrate provided with a common electrode and a second alignment film, and a liquid crystal layer where the liquid crystal molecule is aligned by the first and second alignment films positioned on a space between the array substrate and the counter substrate, a third alignment film where mutually different distortion is given to the liquid crystal molecule is formed about the intermediate region between the adjacent pixel electrodes.

Abstract: A liquid crystal displaying apparatus high in display quality is provided which is high in aperture ratio and is free from the cross talk. In an liquid crystal displaying apparatus of the present invention, having an array substrate provided with a plurality of scanning wirings and a plurality of signal wirings, active elements, pixel electrodes, and a first alignment film, and an counter substrate provided with a common electrode and a second alignment film, and a liquid crystal layer where the liquid crystal molecule is aligned by the first and second alignment films positioned on a space between the array substrate and the counter substrate, a third alignment film where mutually different distortion is given to the liquid crystal molecule is formed about the intermediate region between the adjacent pixel electrodes.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes: a scattering-polarizer provided between a liquid crystal and a back light for transmitting a polarization component in one direction of light from back light, but scattering and reflecting a polarization component in a direction which is orthogonal thereto: and a scattered light reflector reflecting the reflected and scattered light toward scattering-polarizer along with the polarization component in above mentioned one direction. Thus, a liquid crystal display which is inexpensive and has high display quality with reduced power consumption is obtained.

Abstract: A reflective type liquid crystal display providing brighter display than a conventional device and usable in a dark place is provided. The reflective type liquid crystal display includes liquid crystal and a scattering-polarizer as a main optical element which transmits a polarized light component in one direction to the backside of the liquid crystal and reflects with scattering a polarized light component orthogonal to that one direction in the opposite direction to the advancing direction of the light.

Abstract: A reflective type liquid crystal display, which permits brighter display than conventional devices, can be used in a dark place and has a simple structure, is provided. The reflective type liquid crystal display includes a polarizer provided in the front of liquid crystal, and a backside-scattering-polarizer provided in the backside of the liquid crystal to transmit a polarized light component in one direction and reflect with scattering a polarized light component orthogonal to that one direction opposite to the advancing direction of the light.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus of the present invention includes an array substrate, a counter substrate, and liquid crystal that is interposed and held by a space formed by maintaining the array substrate and the counter substrate at a specified interval in a parallel manner, the liquid crystal display apparatus being of in-plane switching in which voltage is impressed on a pair of electrodes disposed on the array substrate to generate an electric field substantially parallel with respect to the array substrate surface and in which liquid crystal is driven through in-plane switching of liquid crystal molecules, wherein the array substrate is formed with a conductive film layer on a surface opposite to the surface on which the pair of electrodes are disposed. Providing a liquid crystal display apparatus with no electric charged being stored on the substrate surface thereof and no afterimages appear.

Abstract: The liquid crystal display apparatus of present invention includes a TFT array substrate on which there are formed scanning signal lines, image signal lines, thin film transistors, liquid crystal driving electrodes, common electrodes and common signal lines, a counter substrate which opposes the TFT array substrate, primary spacers for maintaining a gap between both substrates constant, secondary spacers for maintaining a gap in peripheral portions of both substrates constant, a seal member which is interposed in the gap between both substrates together with the secondary spacers and which adhere peripheral portions of both substrates, and a liquid crystal layer, wherein the in-plane retardation of the display apparatus (.DELTA.n).multidot.(d.sub.max -d.sub.min) is not less than 0 nm and not more than 20 nm, whereby variations in colors occurring in liquid crystal display apparatuses of IPS type which are due to unevenness of liquid crystal layers can be eliminated.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a field effect transistor including forming a gate electrode on an electrically insulating substrate; forming an electrically insulating film on the substrate covering the gate electrode; forming source and drain electrodes on the electrically insulating film on opposite sides of the gate electrode; forming a semiconducting film of a .pi.-conjugated polymer on the source and drain electrodes and on the electrically insulating film between the source and drain electrodes.