Abstract: The voltage sensor for measurement of a voltage V, which is present between two electrodes (3, 4) and generates an electric field E, comprises at least two layers (1a, 2a) made of electro-optically active material and being arranged along a light path (5). Through the layers there passes a light beam, the phase and/or state of polarization of which is influenced on account of the electro-optical effect. The orientation of the electro-optically active layers (1a, 2a) relative to the light path and the electric field E is chosen in such a way, that the influencing of the light (5) in the second layer (2a) counteracts the influencing of the light (5) in the first layer (1a). In this way, it is possible to realize a sensor with a high half wave voltage, so that high voltages V can be measured unambiguously. A plurality of first and second electro-optically active layers are advantageously arranged between the electrodes (3, 4).

Abstract: A device for machining the ends of pipes, having a clamping device (6) for clamping the pipe in place, having an outer ring (9) and a shaping insert (11), in which the shaping insert has two half-rings (12, 13), which are releasably and resiliently connected to one another by means of at least one screw (34) and at least one spring (35). The tool is particularly compact, clean, safe and easy to handle.

Abstract: The system of the invention for adjusting a transmission ratio in a transmission, which is built into a motor vehicle, includes at least two determining elements with the aid of which values are determined based on different determining modes. These values represent the driving behavior of the driver of the motor vehicle. According to the invention, administrator means are provided with the aid of which the determined values are called up by the determining elements. Then, at least one counter value is changed in counter means in dependence upon the called up values. Finally, the transmission ratio is set at least in dependence upon the outputted values.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for assuring compatibility between the software units activated in partial computer systems (system A, system B) belonging to a distributed computer system, said software units each comprising their respective version of software codes and/or data. Once a compatibility test has established compatibility, a compatible non-activated software unit is activated on its partial computer system and the corresponding previously activated software unit is deactivated. The invention also relates to a method for securing data within a distributed computer system with several partial computer systems, for blocking access to the data, for securing common data and for deactivating the data access block are carried out according to the current status of the data securing option.

Abstract: Described is a system and a method to monitor measuring and control equipment. The occurrence of a malfunction does not immediately lead to the monitoring system entering a secure state, but rather increases the count of a counter. If the count exceeds a certain value, then the monitoring system enters a secure state.

Abstract: A system for controlling and/or monitoring a control-unit group having at least two control units, a first control unit and at least one second control unit, the first control unit being designed for performing its control function and for monitoring this control function, as well as for monitoring the control function of the at least one second control unit.

Abstract: The data flows of a system are allocated an arithmetic or logical function per function block (ALU-block), forming a RAM control. The ALU-blocks are specialized according to individual processing tasks of the data flows. The current status of the Ram address and RAM output data are recoupled with the ALU-blocks. During operation, the ALU-blocks alternately produce write accesses to the RAM and read accesses of all the ALU blocks can occur with every cycle, thereby controlling the outgoing signal lines of the data flows. Registers are inserted in such a way that the ALU-blocks are placed between register levels to ensure that test patterns are generated automatically with existing CAE programs. The low use of test structures guarantees that the base circuit has good testability with a minimal test pattern rate at an early stage of the circuit design. The inventive circuit structure can also be configured as a digital signal processor.

Abstract: During backup of a database's data stored in individual files, it is not permissible for the data in the individual files to be altered, for reasons of consistency. For this reason, the files are blocked to altering access operations after a particular time during a backup operation. According to the invention, the backup operation is carried out in two parts. First, the files are transferred without there being any alteration block. A recording file is used to note files which are altered during transferring. These files are transferred again in a second part. During the second part an alteration block is required. It can be assumed that the number of files needing to be transferred in the second part is much smaller than the number of files needing to be transferred in the first part. For this reason, a significantly shortened alteration block is achieved.

Abstract: This invention relates to micro-electromechanical systems using silicon-germanium films. Such a system includes one or more layers of Si1−xGex, deposited on a substrate, where 0<x≦1. One or more transistors can be formed on the substrate.

Abstract: The detector materials (8, 9) of a low energy detector (5) and a high energy detector (6) are coordinated with one another to permit better separation of lower and higher energy fractions of polychromatic X-ray (X′) radiation, and consequently, create a better determination of a material of an object through which the X-rays are passed. Thus, a negligible persistence in comparison with the integration time between two detector readings is achieved.

Abstract: In a drive train assembly for a motor vehicle, which includes successively arranged an internal combustion engine, a starter clutch, an electrical machine a drive clutch, and an automatic transmission, preferably an automated manual transmission, a common double clutch positioner is assigned to the two clutches, which enables a selective setting of the applicable status (open or closed) of the clutches by assumption of a corresponding switching position.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for operating a control unit for controlling operational sequences in a vehicle. When operational sequences are error-free, the control functions of the built-in control unit are partially or completely suppressed. This allows additional functions to be switched in and out, and also allows modification and/or adaptation of data and/or programs that are accessed by the control functions. In the specific operating instance of the application, a further control unit is insertable into the vehicle wiring harness between the first control unit and a sensor arrangement, collection, group or system and an actuator arrangement, collection, group or system. The control functions suppressed in the control unit are then performable by the second control unit. The control unit then performs only the measurement functions and actuation functions The sequence is initiated and controlled by integrated remote-control functions, which are in addition to the normal or other functions.

Abstract: This invention relates to micro-electromechanical systems using silicon-germanium films.

Abstract: According, two casing parts is disclosed for a spiral cable for connecting electrical line terminals between a stationary vehicle steering column and a rotatable steering wheel. One of the two casing parts has an annular space for the spiral cable which is open towards an axial face and the other casing part is in the form of a plate for covering the annular space. It is thus possible to arrange the two casing parts at an axial distance from one another and thus to prevent the two parts from rubbing against one another.

Abstract: A device for locking an actuating lever of a shifting device of a gear-change mechanism of a motor vehicle, in a lever position associated with a particular shift state utilizes a swivellable locking element connected to a brake pedal via an adjusting linkage to be moved into a locking position by a restoring spring holding the brake pedal in the unactuated rest position. Depression of the brake pedal releases the actuating lever. The adjusting linkage contains a resiliently-acting intermediate member acting on the locking element control to position a counter-control cam into engagement with an actuator control cam to lock the actuator. When the actuating lever is actuated into a nonlockable lever position, the locking element is moved into a floating position against the spring force of the intermediate member, while the brake pedal remains essentially in a rest position by virtue of an enlargement of the effective length of the adjusting linkage.