Abstract: A method of operating a flow cell. The method comprises providing a flow cell suitable for generating electrical power from hydrogen and a metal electrolyte. Said flow cell comprises a precipitate of metal oxi and said metal oxide comprises vanadium or manganese. The method further comprises electrochemically generating a redox active precipitate removal species from a precursor species, wherein said redox active precipitate removal species is capable of converting said metal oxide. The method further comprises exposing said metal oxide to said redox active precipitate removal species to effect conversion of the metal oxide.

Abstract: A redox flow battery comprising a gaseous anolyte and, as a catholyte, an organic redox active species having at least one electron directing moiety, wherein the organic redox active species is not unsubstituted parabenzoquinone.

Abstract: There is provided a regenerative fuel cell capable of operating in a power delivery mode in and in an energy storage mode. The cell may comprise a reversible hydrogen gas anode, in an anode compartment, a reversible cathode in a cathode compartment, and a membrane separating the anode compartment from the cathode compartment, which membrane is capable of selectively passing protons. an additive may be provided in the cathode compartment.

Abstract: There is provided a regenerative fuel cell capable of operating in a power delivery mode in and in an energy storage mode. The cell may comprise a reversible hydrogen gas anode, in an anode compartment, a reversible cathode in a cathode compartment, and a membrane separating the anode compartment from the cathode compartment, which membrane is capable of selectively passing protons. an additive may be provided in the cathode compartment.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of treating waste comprising the steps of: providing an electrochemical cell comprising a cathode, and an anode; supplying a waste stream comprising an organic compound which is a liquid or dissolved in a solvent and contacting the anode and cathode with the waste stream; electrochemically oxidising the organic compound at the anode; supplying oxygen to the cathode; electrochemically reducing the oxygen at the cathode; wherein the cathode comprises a poison resistant oxygen reduction catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention provides a regenerative fuel cell comprising an anionic membrane capable of selectively passing anions, wherein the pH of the anolyte and/or catholyte is at least 10. The present invention also relates to a method of operating a regenerative fuel cell comprising an anionic membrane capable of selectively passing anions, wherein the pH of the anolyte and/or catholyte is at least 10.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of detecting the presence of an analyte associated with a nanoparticle layer formed at a liquid-liquid interface. The method comprises removing a portion of one of the liquid phases; and detecting the presence of the analyte by Raman spectroscopy, Infra Red spectroscopy and/or fluorescence spectroscopy.

Abstract: The present invention provides a regenerative fuel cell comprising an anionic membrane capable of selectively passing anions, wherein the pH of the anolyte and/or catholyte is at least 10. The present invention also relates to a method of operating a regenerative fuel cell comprising an anionic membrane capable of selectively passing anions, wherein the pH of the anolyte and/or catholyte is at least 10.

Abstract: The present invention provides a catalytic system comprising a catalyst comprising nanoporous or mesoporous palladium and an ion-exchange electrolyte, processes for manufacturing the catalytic system and catalyst, and processes for oxidising or reducing organic and/or inorganic molecules using the catalyst or catalytic system.