Abstract: Vanadium garnet materials and a method for their preparation. The vanadium garnet material has a trivalent vanadium cation and a composition that falls within a specific prismatic-shaped volume in a quaternary composition diagram of MnO, CaO, V.sub.2 O.sub.3, and SiO.sub.2. In the process, specific amounts of separately pre-heated V.sub.2 O.sub.3, MnO, CaO and SiO.sub.2 powders are ground and mixed together, pelletized, heated at a temperature in the range of about 1100.degree. C. to 1400.degree. C. for 12 to 48 hours in an atmosphere of carefully selected oxygen pressure comprising a gas mixture of high purity CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 to produce a liquid melt, and cooling, crystallizing out and separating said vanadium garnet material. A typical vanadium garnet material has the formula Mn.sub.1.3 Ca.sub.1.7 V.sub.2 Si.sub.3 O.sub.12. The vanadium garnet materials may be used in laser applications.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to novel phases involving FeO, V.sub.2 O.sub.3 and CaO and the method for their preparation. The solid compositions involving FeO--V.sub.2 O.sub.3 --CaO fall within the shaded area of a polygon in a ternary composition diagram of FeO, V.sub.2 O.sub.3 and CaO as shown in the drawing herein e.g., FIG. 1. The compositions may be used as a catalyst for oxidation or reduction reactions.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to novel vanadium spinel materials and a method for their preparation. Each vanadium spinel material has a trivalent vanadium cation and is crystallized from a liquid having a composition that falls within a specific polygon shaped area in a ternary composition diagram of V.sub.2 O.sub.3 -FeO-SiO.sub.2 as shown in the drawing herein e.g., FIG. 1. The compositions may be used as a catalyst for oxidation reactions.

Abstract: Vanadium garnet materials and a method for their preparation. The vanadium garnet material has a trivalent vanadium cation and a composition that falls within a specific prismatic-shaped volume in a quaternary composition diagram of MnO, CaO, V.sub.2 O.sub.3, and SiO.sub.2. The prismatic-shaped volume represents compositions of liquids with which said vanadium garnet is in equilibrium on the liquidus surface and from which the vanadium garnet phase is crystallized. A typical vanadium garnet material has the formula Mn.sub.1.3 Ca.sub.1.7 V.sub.2 Si.sub.3 O.sub.12, as provided in the drawing by point F. The vanadium garnet materials may be used in laser applications.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to novel vanadium spinel materials and a method for their preparation. Each vanadium spinel material has a trivalent vanadium cation and is crystallized from a liquid having a composition that falls within a specific polygon shaped area in a ternary composition diagram of V.sub.2 O.sub.3 -MgO-SiO.sub.2 as shown in the drawing herein e.g., FIG. 1. The compositions may be used as a catalyst for oxidation reactions.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to novel vanadium spinel materials and a method for their preparation. Each vanadium spinel material has a trivalent vanadium cation and is crystallized from a liquid having a composition that falls within a specific polygon shaped area in a ternary composition diagram of V.sub.2 O.sub.3 --MnO--SiO.sub.2 as shown in the drawing herein e.g., FIG. 1. The compositions may be used as a catalyst for oxidation reactions.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to novel phases involving V.sub.2 O.sub.3 and CaO and the method for their preparation. The solid compositions involving V.sub.2 O.sub.3 and CaO fall on three vertical lines and within the shaded areas of four polygons in a binary composition diagram of V.sub.2 O.sub.3 and CaO as shown in the drawing herein e.g., FIG. 1. The composition may be used as a catalyst for oxidation or reduction reactions.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to novel phases involving V.sub.2 O.sub.3, Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 and CaO, and the method for their preparation. The solid compositions involving V.sub.2 O.sub.3, Al.sub.2 O.sub.3, and composition diagram of V.sub.2 O.sub.3 -Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 -CaO as shown in the drawing herein e.g., FIG. 1. The composition may be used as a catalyst for oxidation or reduction reactions.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to novel solid solutions involving Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3, V.sub.2 O.sub.3 and TiO.sub.2 and the method for their preparation. The solid compositions involving Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3, V.sub.2 O.sub.3 and TiO.sub.2 fall within the shaded area of a polygon in a ternary composition diagram of Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3, V.sub.2 O.sub.3 and TiO.sub.2 as shown in the drawing herein e.g., FIG. 1. The composition may be used as an oxidation catalyst or in the manufacture of high temperature refractories.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to novel solid solutions involving MnO, V.sub.2 O.sub.3 and TiO.sub.2 and the method for their preparation. The solid compositions involving MnO, V.sub.2 O.sub.3 and TiO.sub.2 fall within the shaded area of a polygon in a ternary composition diagram of MnO, V.sub.2 O.sub.3 and TiO.sub.2 as shown in the drawing herein e.g., FIG. 1. The composition may be used as an oxidation catalyst or in the manufacture of high temperature refractories.

Abstract: Novel oxidation-reduction catalysts and the method for their preparation. The materials comprise stable phases involving V.sub.2 O.sub.3 and TiO.sub.2 and mixtures of said phases and have compositions that fall within specific areas in a binary composition diagram of V.sub.2 O.sub.3 and TiO.sub.2. A typical VT material has the formula V.sub.2 TiO.sub.5. A typical E material has a formula V.sub.2 Ti.sub.2 O.sub.7 ; and, a typical .eta. material has the formula V.sub.2 Ti.sub.3 O.sub.9.

Abstract: A novel oxidation catalyst or refractory and the method for its preparation. The material comprises substitutional solid solutions involving MgO, V.sub.2 O.sub.3 and TiO.sub.2 and having compositions that fall within a specific polygon in a ternary composition diagram of MgO, V.sub.2 O.sub.3 and TiO.sub.2. A typical material has the composition in Wt %; MgO 17, V.sub.2 O.sub.3 61 and TiO.sub.2 22, and consists of the phases spinel having the formula Mg.sub.1.21 V.sub.1.58 Ti.sub.0.21 O.sub.4 and pseudobrookite having the formula Mg.sub.0.20 V.sub.1.60 Ti.sub.1.20 O.sub.5.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to novel solid solutions involving FeO, V.sub.2 O.sub.3 and TiO.sub.2 and the method for their preparation. The solid compositions involving FeO, V.sub.2 O.sub.3 and TiO.sub.2 fall within the shaded area of a polygon in a ternary composition diagram of FeO, V.sub.2 O.sub.3 and TiO.sub.2 as shown in the drawing herein e.g., FIG. 1. The composition may be used as an oxidation catalyst or in the manufacture of high temperature refractories.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to novel solid solutions involving NiO, V.sub.2 O.sub.3 and TiO.sub.2 and the method for their preparation. The compositions involving NiO, V.sub.2 O.sub.3 and TiO.sub.2 fall within the shaded area of a polygon in a ternary composition diagram of NiO, V.sub.2 O.sub.3 and TiO.sub.2 as shown in the drawing herein e.g., FIG. 1. The composition may be used as an oxidation catalyst or in the manufacture of high temperature refractories.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to novel solid solutions involving V.sub.2 O.sub.3, ZrO.sub.2 and TiO.sub.2 and the method for their preparation. The compositions involving V.sub.2 O.sub.3, ZrO.sub.2 and TiO.sub.2 fall within the shaded area of a polygon in a ternary composition diagram of V.sub.2 O.sub.3, ZrO.sub.2 and TiO.sub.2 as shown in the drawing herein e.g., FIG. 1. These materials may be used as an oxidation catalyst or in the manufacture of high temperature refractories.

Abstract: This invention pertains to an improved high temperature slag resistant thermocouple sheath for protecting thermocouples used to measure the temperature of synthesis gas, reducing gas, or fuel gas produced by the partial oxidation of ash-containing liquid hydrocarbonaceous and/or solid carbonaceous fuels. The protection thermocouple sheath is made from a continuous binary alloy consisting of about 30 to 70 wt. % of palladium and the remainder silver. It may be used over a temperature range of about 1000.degree. F. to 2400.degree. F.

Abstract: Vanadium garnet material and a method for their preparation. The vanadium garnet material has a trivalent vanadium cation and a composition that falls within a specific polygon shaped area in a ternary composition diagram of V.sub.2 O.sub.3, CaO and SiO.sub.2. The polygon shaped area represents compositions of liquids with which said vanadium garnet is in equilibrium on the liquidus surface and from which the vanadium garnet phase is crystallized. A typical vanadium garnet material has the formula Ca.sub.3 V.sub.2 Si.sub.3 O.sub.12. The vanadium garnet materials may be used in laser applications.

Abstract: A novel oxidation catalyst or refractory and the method for its preparation. The material comprises substitutional solid solutions involving V.sub.2 O.sub.3, Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 and TiO.sub.2 and having compositions that fall within a specific polygon in a ternary composition diagram of V.sub.2 O.sub.3, Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 and TiO.sub.2. A typical material has the formula Al.sub.0.65 V.sub.1.77 Ti.sub.0.69 O.sub.5.

Abstract: An ash fusion temperature reducing agent principally comprising at least 50.0 wt. % of a manganese compound, such as MnO, and the remainder of the agent comprising a silicon compound, such as SiO.sub.2 is mixed with an ash-containing fuel comprising a pumpable liquid hydrocarbonaceous material and/or petroleum coke to produce Mixture A. In one embodiment, the ash fusion temperature reducing agent comprises a comminuted pyrolusite ore in which the following elements are present in weight percent basis ore: manganese in the range of about 50-75, calcium in the range of about 0-1.0, silicon in the range of about 0-3.0, magnesium in the range of about 0-1.0, and aluminum in the range of about 0-1.0. Mixture A is reacted with a free-oxygen containing gas in a free-flow refractory lined reaction zone of a partial oxidation gas generator. A hot raw effluent gas stream comprising H.sub.2 +CO along with molten ash having a reduced initial deformation temperature are produced at a lower temperature.

Abstract: An ash fusion temperature reducing agent comprising a mixture of about 70-97 wt. % of an iron compound and the remainder comprising a silicon compound is mixed with an ash-containing fuel comprising liquid hydrocarbonaceous material and/or petroleum coke. The comminuted mixture is reacted in a free-flow partial oxidation reaction zone with a free-oxygen containing gas in the presence of a temperature moderator to produce a hot raw effluent gas stream comprising H.sub.2 +CO along with molten ash having a reduced initial deformation temperature. The weight ratio of ash fusion temperature reducing agent to ash in said ash-containing fuel is in the range of about 0.5 to 10, and the weight ratio of iron oxide to SiO.sub.2 in said molten ash is about 1.5, or more. The molten ash is then separated from the hot raw effluent gas stream.