Abstract: One aspect of a position estimation method of the present invention includes: a learning step of acquiring learning data necessary for estimation of a rotational position of a rotor on the basis of an input sensor signal; and a position estimation step of estimating the rotational position of the rotor on the basis of the input sensor signal and the learning data. The learning step is performed, thereby acquiring, as the learning data, data indicating the correspondence relationship between a segment number associated with a section included in each of a plurality of quadrants and a pole pair number representing a pole pair position. The position estimation step is performed, thereby determining an initial position of the rotor on the basis of the input sensor signal and the learning data.

Abstract: A fixing apparatus includes a belt, a pad member, a pressure member, a heating roller, a stretching roller, and, an outer stretching roller. The outer stretching roller disposed between the heating roller and the stretching roller and configured to press the heating roller from an outer surface of the belt and bring the belt into contact with the heating roller. In a cross section orthogonal to a rotation axis of the pressure member, a surface between the heating roller and the stretching roller of the belt in a state where the belt is pushed toward the heating roller by the outer stretching roller is located inside that of the belt in a state where the outer stretching roller is removed.

Abstract: A multi-electrode submerged arc welding method enables, in multi-electrode submerged arc welding using five or six electrodes, a deep penetration and a large amount of deposit metal to be obtained by supplying a large current, and enables stable arc to be generated by respective electrodes by suppressing magnetic interference. Welding defects can be prevented, beads with a good shape or appearance can be obtained, and the welding speed can be increased.

Abstract: A fixing apparatus includes a belt, a pad member, a pressure member, a heating roller, a stretching roller, and, an outer stretching roller. The outer stretching roller disposed between the heating roller and the stretching roller and configured to press the heating roller from an outer surface of the belt and bring the belt into contact with the heating roller. In a cross section orthogonal to a rotation axis of the pressure member, a surface between the heating roller and the stretching roller of the belt in a state where the belt is pushed toward the heating roller by the outer stretching roller is located inside that of the belt in a state where the outer stretching roller is removed.

Abstract: A fixing apparatus includes a belt, a pad member, a pressure member, a heating roller, a stretching roller, and, an outer stretching roller. The outer stretching roller disposed between the heating roller and the stretching roller and configured to press the heating roller from an outer surface of the belt and bring the belt into contact with the heating roller. In a cross section orthogonal to a rotation axis of the pressure member, a surface between the heating roller and the stretching roller of the belt in a state where the belt is pushed toward the heating roller by the outer stretching roller is located inside that of the belt in a state where the outer stretching roller is removed.

Abstract: A fixing apparatus includes a belt, a pad member, a pressure member, a heating roller, a stretching roller, and, an outer stretching roller. The outer stretching roller disposed between the heating roller and the stretching roller and configured to press the heating roller from an outer surface of the belt and bring the belt into contact with the heating roller. In a cross section orthogonal to a rotation axis of the pressure member, a surface between the heating roller and the stretching roller of the belt in a state where the belt is pushed toward the heating roller by the outer stretching roller is located inside that of the belt in a state where the outer stretching roller is removed.

Abstract: An image heating apparatus including a rotatable heating member, a first motor configured to rotationally drive the rotatable heating member, a belt unit, a position detecting portion, a tilting mechanism, including a second motor for tilting the belt unit, a jam detecting portion, and a controller. When the occurrence of the jam is detected by the jam detecting portion during a tilting operation of the belt unit, the controller stops drive of the first motor and drive of the second motor in response to detection of the occurrence of the jam by the jam detecting portion.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image forming portion that forms a toner image on a recording material, and a first rotatable member and a second rotatable member, which form a nip therebetween in which the toner image, formed on the recording material by the image forming portion, is heated. A belt unit includes an endless belt that externally heats the first rotatable member, and a supporting mechanism rotatably supporting the endless belt. A moving mechanism moves the belt unit so as to be movable between a contact position and a spaced position. In addition, a controller executes a process in which one of the belt unit with a new endless belt and a new belt unit with a new endless belt is moved to the contact position, and then, the new endless belt is rotated for a predetermined time by the first rotatable member.

Abstract: A cleaning apparatus and a fixing apparatus include a cleaning web configured to remove toner adhering to a rotation member, the cleaning web including a recessed portion in at least a part thereof, and a displacement mechanism configured to situate a relative position between the rotation member and a pressure member configured to press the cleaning web toward the rotation member at a first position where the cleaning web is pressed toward the rotation member by the pressure member and at a second position where the rotation member and the pressure member are farther from each other than at the first position. The displacement mechanism situates the relative position at the second position based on an output of a detection position configured to detect a position of the recessed portion, so that a rear end of the recessed portion is not pressed toward the rotation member by the pressure member.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image forming portion; a first rotatable member and a second rotatable member; a belt unit including an endless belt configured to externally heat the first rotatable member and a supporting mechanism rotatably supporting the endless belt; a moving mechanism configured to move the belt unit so as to be movable between a contact position where the endless belt contacts the first rotatable member and a spaced position where the endless belt is spaced from the first rotatable member; and a controller configured to execute exchange of the endless belt or belt unit on the basis of information prompting exchange thereof, and execute a process in which the belt unit with a new endless belt or a new belt unit with a new endless belt is moved to the contact position and then the new endless belt is rotated for a predetermined time by the first rotatable member.

Abstract: A multi-electrode submerged arc welding method enables, in multi-electrode submerged arc welding using five or six electrodes, a deep penetration and a large amount of deposit metal to be obtained by supplying a large current, and enables stable arc to be generated by respective electrodes by suppressing magnetic interference. Welding defects can be prevented, beads with a good shape or appearance can be obtained, and the welding speed can be increased.

Abstract: An image heating apparatus includes a rotatable heating member, a first motor configured to rotationally drive the rotatable heating member, a belt unit, a position detecting portion, a tilting mechanism including a second motor for tilting the belt unit, a jam detecting portion, and a controller. When the occurrence of the jam is detected by the jam detecting portion during a tilting operation of the belt unit, the controller stops drive of the first motor and drive of the second motor in response to detection of the occurrence of the jam by the jam detecting portion.

Abstract: A cleaning apparatus and a fixing apparatus include a cleaning web configured to remove toner adhering to a rotation member, the cleaning web including a recessed portion in at least a part thereof, and a displacement mechanism configured to situate a relative position between the rotation member and a pressure member configured to press the cleaning web toward the rotation member at a first position where the cleaning web is pressed toward the rotation member by the pressure member and at a second position where the rotation member and the pressure member are farther from each other than at the first position. The displacement mechanism situates the relative position at the second position based on an output of a detection position configured to detect a position of the recessed portion, so that a rear end of the recessed portion is not pressed toward the rotation member by the pressure member.

Abstract: The present invention provides a submerged arc welding method attempting to enhance toughness of a welded zone with low heat input and capable of achieving deep penetration and a sufficiently wide bead width in welding a thick material at a weld speed of 3 m/min or less. In the submerged arc welding method, a first electrode at the head in a welding direction has a wire diameter of 3.9 to 4.1 mm, two electrodes are arranged on both sides holding a weld line therebetween at the tail end in the welding direction, the wire tip positions of the two electrodes on a surface of the steel plate are arranged on the same line vertical to the weld line, and a distance W (mm) between each of the wire tip positions and the weld line is 5 to 20 mm.

Abstract: A vehicular lamp includes: a lamp body having an opening portion; an outer cover that closes the opening portion and that, together with the lamp body, forms a lamp chamber between the outer cover and the lamp body; a light emission portion disposed within the lamp chamber; a vapor deposition sheet that is disposed within the lamp chamber and that covers the lamp body with at least a portion of the light emission portion exposed; and an engaging portion that at least one of the outer cover and the lamp body has and that is capable of engaging with the vapor deposition sheet and holding the vapor deposition sheet in a shape that substantially conforms to the outer cover or the lamp body.

Abstract: Provided are a combination welding method and a combination arc welding machine thereof having excellent construction efficiency and preventing a deterioration of toughness of a HAZ by maintaining the current density of each of gas metal arc welding and submerged-arc welding within an appropriate range at the time of welding a steel plate by the combination of the gas metal arc welding using multielectrodes and the submerged-arc welding using multielectrodes. The gas metal arc welding is performed using two or more electrodes, a wire for welding having a wire diameter of 1.4 mm or more is used in the first electrode of the gas metal arc welding, and a current density of the first electrode is set to 320 A/mm2 or more.

Abstract: The present invention provides a submerged arc welding method attempting to enhance toughness of a welded zone with low heat input and capable of achieving deep penetration and a sufficiently wide bead width in welding a thick material at a weld speed of 3 m/min or less. In the submerged arc welding method, a first electrode at the head in a welding direction has a wire diameter of 3.9 to 4.1 mm, two electrodes are arranged on both sides holding a weld line therebetween at the tail end in the welding direction, the wire tip positions of the two electrodes on a surface of the steel plate are arranged on the same line vertical to the weld line, and a distance W (mm) between each of the wire tip positions and the weld line is 5 to 20 mm.

Abstract: Provided is a submerged arc welding method for a steel plate. In welding the steel plate from an internal surface or an external surface by a submerged arc welding, welding condition is set such that, a cross-sectional area of internal weld metal S1 and a cross-sectional area of external weld metal S2 satisfy the formula (1), the formula (2), and the formula (3), that is, 0.40?(S1+S2)/t2?0.80 . . . (1), S1/t2?0.35 . . . (2), and S2/t2?0.45 . . . (3), wherein t is a plate thickness of the steel plate (mm), S1 is a cross-sectional area of the internal weld metal (mm2) excluding the cross-sectional area of a portion of the internal weld metal overlapping with the external weld metal after external welding, and S2 is a cross-sectional area of the external weld metal (mm2).

Abstract: Disclosed is a submerged arc welding method capable of an attempt to enhance toughness of a welded zone with low heat input and an attempt to decrease a weld reinforcement height by suppressing excessive melting of a wire, and capable of achieving a deep depth of penetration and a wide bead width. In the submerged arc welding method, a first electrode at the head in a welding direction has a wire diameter of 2.0 to 3.2 mm and a current density of 145 A/mm2 or more, second and subsequent electrodes are arranged behind the first electrode in a line, and a groove formed in a steel plate has a two-step groove shape satisfying ?B<?T where ?B is a groove angle of a bottom layer, and ?T is a groove angle of a surface layer.

Abstract: Steel is subjected to multiple-electrode submerged arc welding with three or more electrodes in which a direct-current power source is used to supply current to a first electrode, the welding by the first electrode is carried out at a current density of 250 A/mm2 or more, preferably with a wire diameter of 3.2 mm or less and a weld current of 1,000 A or more, the welding by the second electrode is carried out at a current density of 150 A/mm2 or more, preferably with a weld current of 600 A or more, one of the interelectrode spacings is 23 mm or more on a surface of the steel, and the remaining interelectrode spacings are 20 mm or less.