Abstract: A method including a) running through at least two cycles of a cycling process for measuring parameters within the cycles in the temporally first phase, b) manipulating measurement data formed by the parameters measured over the cycles in a second phase in such a way that at least one part of the measurement data from at least one part of the cycles is changed within the cycles with respect to parameters at least partially correlating with an upper voltage limit and a lower voltage limit, c) forming a generated measurement data set for the part of the cycles in such a way that modified at least partially correlating parameters of the manipulated part of the measurement data and the unmanipulated part of the measurement data from the part of the cycles are merged, d) generating signals representing the values of the generated measurement data, e) determining the aging.

Abstract: Various embodiments include a redox flow battery comprising: a cell divided into half-cells by a membrane; an electrolyte able to flow through the interior of the respective half-cell; an electrode; and a guide structure for guiding the electrolyte integrated into and defined by the associated electrode. Each half-cell comprises a current collector and an electrode element arranged in an interior of the respective half-cell.

Abstract: Various embodiments include a method for operating an electrically rechargeable redox flow battery comprising a first chamber and a second chamber separated by a membrane, with the first chamber comprising a cathode and the second chamber comprising an anode. The method comprises: introducting a first electrolyte as catholyte into the first chamber; and introducing a second electrolyte as anolyte into the second chamber. At least one of the first electrolyte or the second electrolyte comprises a reduction-oxidation pair. The oxidation number of the reduction-oxidation pair is changed by addition of a first component.

Abstract: Various embodiments include a method for operating a storage system with two battery storage units, each with two battery cells and a battery management system, and an energy management unit with a processor unit. The method may include: providing phase transition data of the cells and transmitting said data to the EMU; the battery management systems providing states of charge; querying an amount of energy take-up to be provided and/or an amount of energy discharge to be provided; ascertaining a distribution result among the battery storage units based on an optimization problem solved by optimizing a target function, and wherein the phase transition data, the state of charge, the amount of energy take-up, and/or the amount of energy discharge are incorporated as optimization parameters; and charging or discharging the battery storage units in accordance with the distribution result.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the teachings herein include a computer-assisted method for simulating a loss of capacity of a battery store. The method may include: creating a load characteristic of the battery; determining temporal characteristics of simulated operating data of the battery with the load characteristic as input data based on modelled behavior of the battery store in an ECM; analyzing the operating data, including determining minimum open-circuit voltages and maximum open-circuit voltages based on the temporal characteristics; determining open-circuit voltage differences between the minimum and the maximum open-circuit voltages and determining mean open-circuit voltages; and determining a loss of capacity of the battery store in an aging module using an aging model based on the open-circuit voltage differences and mean open-circuit voltages as input variables.

Abstract: Various embodiments include a method for operating an electrically rechargeable redox flow battery comprising: using a redox flow battery having a first chamber and a second chamber separated by a membrane, wherein the first chamber comprises a cathode and the second chamber comprises an anode; conducting a first electrolyte as catholyte into the first chamber and conducting a second electrolyte as anolyte into the second chamber; and charging or discharging the redox flow battery. The first electrolyte comprises a first reduction-oxidation pair and the second electrolyte comprises a second reduction-oxidation pair. At least one of the first electrolyte and the second electrolyte comprises a pH-stabilizing buffer for chemically stabilizing the reduction-oxidation pair.

Abstract: Various embodiments include an electrically rechargeable redox flow battery comprising: a first chamber; a second chamber; a membrane separating the first chamber from the second chamber; a cathode in the first chamber; and an anode in the second chamber. At least one of the cathode and the anode comprises a first planar surface including elevations enlarging the surface area. The elevations form flow channels for an electrolyte. The at least one of the cathode and the anode further comprises a material selected from the group consisting of: lead, bismuth, zinc, titanium, molybdenum, and tungsten.

Abstract: Various embodiments include an energy storage apparatus for providing electrical energy comprising: a meter for capturing an electrical load profile to be provided and operating state values of energy storage devices; a data memory for storing data relating to an assessment profile for a respective energy storage device, wherein the assessment profile represents effects of operating parameters on a respective criterion of a respective energy storage device; a processor for dividing the electrical load profile into partial load profiles and assigning them to a respective energy storage device optimized based at least in part on the respective criterion and the respective operating state values; and an open-loop controller for operating the energy storage devices selected by the processor to jointly provide electrical power for the electrical load profile.

Abstract: Various embodiments include a method for operating an electrically rechargeable redox flow battery comprising: using a redox flow battery having a first chamber and a second chamber separated by a membrane, wherein the first chamber comprises a cathode and the second chamber comprises an anode; conducting a first electrolyte as catholyte into the first chamber and conducting a second electrolyte as anolyte into the second chamber; and charging or discharging the redox flow battery. The first electrolyte comprises a first reduction-oxidation pair and the second electrolyte comprises a second reduction-oxidation pair. At least one of the first electrolyte and the second electrolyte comprises a pH-stabilizing buffer for chemically stabilizing the reduction-oxidation pair.

Abstract: Various embodiments include a redox flow battery comprising: a cell divided into half-cells by a membrane; an electrolyte able to flow through the interior of the respective half-cell; an electrode; and a guide structure for guiding the electrolyte integrated into and defined by the associated electrode. Each half-cell comprises a current collector and an electrode element arranged in an interior of the respective half-cell.

Abstract: Various embodiments include an electrically rechargeable redox flow battery comprising: a first chamber; a second chamber; a membrane separating the first chamber from the second chamber; a cathode in the first chamber; and an anode in the second chamber. At least one of the cathode and the anode comprises a first planar surface including elevations enlarging the surface area. The elevations form flow channels for an electrolyte. The at least one of the cathode and the anode further comprises a material selected from the group consisting of: lead, bismuth, zinc, titanium, molybdenum, and tungsten.

Abstract: Various embodiments include a method for operating an electrically rechargeable redox flow battery comprising a first chamber and a second chamber separated by a membrane, with the first chamber comprising a cathode and the second chamber comprising an anode. The method comprises: introducting a first electrolyte as catholyte into the first chamber; and introducing a second electrolyte as anolyte into the second chamber. At least one of the first electrolyte or the second electrolyte comprises a reduction-oxidation pair. The oxidation number of the reduction-oxidation pair is changed by addition of a first component.

Abstract: Various embodiments include an energy storage apparatus for providing electrical energy comprising: a meter for capturing an electrical load profile to be provided and operating state values of energy storage devices; a data memory for storing data relating to an assessment profile for a respective energy storage device, wherein the assessment profile represents effects of operating parameters on a respective criterion of a respective energy storage device; a processor for dividing the electrical load profile into partial load profiles and assigning them to a respective energy storage device optimized based at least in part on the respective criterion and the respective operating state values; and an open-loop controller for operating the energy storage devices selected by the processor to jointly provide electrical power for the electrical load profile.

Abstract: An energy storage device includes a battery with at least one battery cell and two poles, two connection points each connected to battery pole, for connecting to an external current circuit for charging and discharging the battery, a battery charge state monitoring device, an additional energy storage element different than the battery cell, a connection circuit for connecting the additional energy storage element to at least one battery pole, and at least one connection point. The connection circuit is designed such that a specified energy storage element current having a specified relationship with the total current flowing through the energy storage device is charged into and/or discharged from the energy storage element. A voltage measuring device contacts the additional energy storage element to measure an energy storage voltage, and the charge state monitoring device determines the charge state of the battery based at least on the energy storage voltage.

Abstract: An energy storage device includes a battery with at least one battery cell and two poles, two connection points each connected to battery pole, for connecting to an external current circuit for charging and discharging the battery, a battery charge state monitoring device, an additional energy storage element different than the battery cell, a connection circuit for connecting the additional energy storage element to at least one battery pole, and at least one connection point. The connection circuit is designed such that a specified energy storage element current having a specified relationship with the total current flowing through the energy storage device is charged into and/or discharged from the energy storage element. A voltage measuring device contacts the additional energy storage element to measure an energy storage voltage, and the charge state monitoring device determines the charge state of the battery based at least on the energy storage voltage.

Abstract: A gas diffusion electrode for a PEM fuel cell includes a metallic catalyst, and an electrocatalyst layer having a polymer A for hydrophobicizing the electrocatalyst layer and a uniform thickness of between 3 to 40 ?m, especially 25 ?m. The polymer A content is less than 10% by weight based on the metallic catalyst content. Methods of producing and of hydrophobicizing the electrode include screen printing a paste onto a carrier and removing the screen-printing medium by heating. The paste includes at least one metallic catalyst with a content of polymer A up to at most 10% by weight, and a screen-printing medium. The electrocatalyst layer of the electrode has a significantly lower content of the catalyst inhibitor TEFLON® because it is not added only to the screen-printing paste but is subsequently applied, with the same surface-specific effect, by dipping the finished electrocatalyst layer in a solution containing TEFLON®.

Abstract: A double-layer capacitor includes a first electrode having a first polarity, a second electrode having a second polarity, the first polarity being different from the second polarity, and an electrolyte that is in contact with the first electrode and the second electrode. The first electrode has a first charge of the first polarity and the second electrode has a second charge of the second polarity, and maximum values of the first charge and the second charge are substantially equal.

Abstract: A gas diffusion electrode for a PEM fuel cell includes a metallic catalyst, and an electrocatalyst layer having a polymer A for hydrophobicizing the electrocatalyst layer and a uniform thickness of between 3 to 40 ?m, especially 25 ?m. The polymer A content is less than 10% by weight based on the metallic catalyst content. Methods of producing and of hydrophobicizing the electrode include screen printing a paste onto a carrier and removing the screen-printing medium by heating. The paste includes at least one metallic catalyst with a content of polymer A up to at most 10% by weight, and a screen-printing medium. The electrocatalyst layer of the electrode has a significantly lower content of the catalyst inhibitor TEFLON® because it is not added only to the screen-printing paste but is subsequently applied, with the same surface-specific effect, by dipping the finished electrocatalyst layer in a solution containing TEFLON®.

Abstract: A screen-printing paste as a starting material for fabricating a gas diffusion electrode through screen-printing includes at least one polymer, at least one metallic catalyst, and a high-boiling solvent. The polymer is a binder including poly(butyl acrylate)-polymethacrylate copolymer, a poly(vinyl alcohol), and a poly(ethylene oxide). The polymer can be two polymers, a first being used for hydrophobicization and present in an amount of between 0 to 10% by weight based on a content of the metallic-catalyst, and a second being a binder. A screen-printing method of fabricating the electrode for a fuel cell includes forming a screen-printing layer having a thickness between 3 and 40 &mgr;m by applying the screen-printing paste to a base. The solvent and the polymer serve as a screen-printing medium. The screen-printing layer is baked to allow only residues of the solvent and the polymer to remain, which do not interfere with using the electrode in a fuel cell.

Abstract: A screen-printing paste as a starting material for fabricating a gas diffusion electrode through screen-printing includes at least one polymer, at least one metallic catalyst, and a high-boiling solvent. The polymer is a binder including poly(butyl acrylate)-polymethacrylate copolymer, a poly(vinyl alcohol), and a poly(ethylene oxide). The polymer can be two polymers, a first being used for hydrophobicization and present in an amount of between 0 to 10% by weight based on a content of the metallic-catalyst, and a second being a binder. A screen-printing method of fabricating the electrode for a fuel cell includes forming a screen-printing layer having a thickness between 3 and 40 &mgr;m by applying the screen-printing paste to a base. The solvent and the polymer serve as a screen-printing medium. The screen-printing layer is baked to allow only residues of the solvent and the polymer to remain, which do not interfere with using the electrode in a fuel cell.