Abstract: A two-phase mixture is provided having a dissolved gas and a suspension of bubbles in a liquid. Methods for making, maintaining, and using the two-phase mixture are also provided. The gas molecules may be introduced into the liquid at a high velocity under elevated pressure to form a supersaturated solution that retains the dissolved gas concentration in solution when the solution is exposed to ambient conditions. The mixture may be used in a number of applications where high concentrations of gas must be retained in solution during prolonged exposure to ambient conditions. An example of use is the treatment of wounds to non-surgically remove dead, devitalized, contaminated and foreign matter from tissue cells. The mixture may be combined with a plastic to encapsulate the suspension of bubbles to minimize liberation of the gas bubbles from the mixture.

Abstract: A shaft for use with molten aluminum using an impeller mounted on the shaft comprising a protective refractory sleeve resistant to attack by molten aluminum, the protective sleeve employing a reinforcing media and mounted on the shaft to extend above and below the molten aluminum surface when the shaft is in use.

Abstract: The invention comprises an electric heating assembly having improved heat transfer, the heater comprised of a receptacle for containing amalgam heat transfer media. An amalgam heat transfer media is provided in the receptacle for purposes of heat transfer. An electric heating element is located in the amalgam. When the amalgam reaches a solidified condition, a receptacle or mold is not required for the electric heating assembly.

Abstract: A method for preparing a metal reinforced refractory body comprising the steps of providing a mold for containing a slurry of refractory material. A body of metal fibers is inserted into the mold, the metal fibers having a coefficient of thermal expansion of less than 10×10−6 in/in/° F. and a yield strength of greater than 35 KSI at 1200° F. The slurry of refractory material is introduced to the mold to provide the slurry in intimate contact with the metal fibers, the refractory material in the hardened condition having a coefficient of thermal expansion of less than 10×10−6 in/in/° F. The refractory material is hardened to provide a metal reinforced composite refractory body comprised of a reinforcing component and a refractory component having a coefficient of thermal expansion of less than 10×10−6 in/in/° F. to minimize cracking of the refractory body.

Abstract: A method of heating molten aluminum flowing in a heated trough member comprising the steps of providing a source of molten aluminum and providing a rough member comprised of a first side and a second side, the first and the second sides having outside surfaces, the sides formed from a ceramic material resistant to attack by molten aluminum. The first side and second side have heating element receptacles provided therein with protection tubes provided in the receptacles. The protection tubes are comprised of a refractory selected from the group consisting of mullite, boron nitride, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, graphite, silicon aluminum oxynitride or a metal selected from Kovar® and titanium. Electric heating elements are positioned in the tubes. Molten aluminum is flowed along the trough member from the source and electric power is passed to the heating elements to heat the molten aluminum as it flows along the trough member.

Abstract: The invention comprises an electric heating assembly having improved heat transfer, the heater comprised of a receptacle for containing amalgam heat transfer media. An amalgam heat transfer media is provided in the receptacle for purposes of heat transfer. An electric heating element is located in the amalgam. When the amalgam reaches a solidified condition, a receptacle or mold is not required for the electric heating assembly.

Abstract: A shaft for use in a method for treating molten aluminum using an impeller mounted on the shaft comprising a protective refractory sleeve resistant to attack by molten aluminum, the protective sleeve mounted on the shaft by casting to extend above and below the molten aluminum surface when the shaft is in use.

Abstract: A shaft for use with molten aluminum using an impeller mounted on the shaft comprising a protective refractory sleeve resistant to attack by molten aluminum, the protective sleeve employing a reinforcing media and mounted on the shaft to extend above and below the molten aluminum surface when the shaft is in use.

Abstract: A method of heating a body of molten metal passing through a treatment bay. The method comprises providing a body of molten metal in a treatment bay and providing a baffle heater in the treatment bay to contact the molten metal. The baffle heater is comprised of a member fabricated from a material substantially inert to the molten metal, the member containing at least one heating element receptacle. An electric heating element is positioned in the receptacle for heating the member, the element protected from the molten metal by the material constituting the member.

Abstract: A shaft for use in a method for treating molten aluminum using an impeller mounted on the shaft comprising a protective refractory sleeve resistant to attack by molten aluminum, the protective sleeve mounted on the shaft by casting to extend above and below the molten aluminum surface when the shaft is in use.

Abstract: An improved shaft suitable for use in the treatment of molten aluminum including pumping or fluxing employing an impeller, comprised of a shaft material comprised of a carbon or graphite surface treated to provide a reacted surface and a refractory layer provided to cover the reacted surface of the shaft. The refractory layer is resistant to attack by the molten metal. The refractory layer and the carbon or graphite material have a coefficient of thermal expansion less than 5.times.10.sup.-6 in/in/.degree. F., the refractory layer has a ratio of coefficient of thermal expansion in the range of 5:1 to 1:5.

Abstract: An improved shaft suitable for use in the treatment of molten aluminum including pumping or fluxing employing an impeller, comprised of a shaft material comprised of a carbon or graphite having an exterior surface and a refractory layer provided to cover the exterior surface of the shaft. The refractory layer is resistant to attack by the molten metal. The refractory layer and the carbon or graphite material have a coefficient of thermal expansion less than 5.times.10.sup.-6 in/in/.degree. F., the refractory layer has a ratio of coefficient of thermal expansion in the range of 5:1 to 1:5.

Abstract: A method and system of heating a body of molten aluminum, for example, contained in a heating bay, the method comprising providing a body of molten aluminum; projecting an electric powered heater into the body of molten aluminum; passing electric current through the element and adding heat to the body of molten aluminum. The heater is comprised of a sleeve suitable for immersing in the molten aluminum. The sleeve may have a closed end and is comprised of a composite material comprised of an inner layer of titanium or titanium alloy having an outside surface having a refractory coating thereon exposed to the molten aluminum, the refractory coating resistant to attack by the molten aluminum. An electric heating element is located in the sleeve in heat transfer relationship therewith for adding heat to the molten aluminum.

Abstract: A method of heating a body of molten metal passing through a treatment bay. The method comprises providing a body of molten metal in a treatment bay and providing a baffle heater in the treatment bay to contact the molten metal. The baffle heater is comprised of a member fabricated from a material substantially inert to the molten metal, the member containing at least one heating element receptacle. An electric heating element is positioned in the receptacle for heating the member, the element protected from the molten metal by the material constituting the member.

Abstract: An improved crucible for containing a body of molten aluminum and maintaining the molten aluminum at a predetermined temperature for transportation, the crucible comprised of a bottom and sides joined together to contain the molten aluminum and a liner comprised of a refractory substantially inert to the molten aluminum. A series of heating element receptacles are provided in the liner, the receptacles are lined with a ceramic tube fabricated from a material selected from the group consisting of mullite, boron nitride, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, and silicon aluminum oxynitride, zirconia, stabilized zirconia and mixtures thereof. An electric heating element is provided in the ceramic tube for transferring heat to the body of aluminum.

Abstract: A method of heating a body of molten metal passing through a treatment bay. The method comprises providing a body of molten metal in a treatment bay and providing a baffle heater in the treatment bay to contact the molten metal. The baffle heater is comprised of a member fabricated from a material substantially inert to the molten metal, the member containing at least one heating element receptacle. An electric heating element is positioned in the receptacle for heating the member, the element protected from the molten metal by the material constituting the member.

Abstract: A method and system of heating a body of molten aluminum, for example, contained in a heating bay, the method comprising providing a body of molten aluminum; projecting an electric powered heater into the body of molten aluminum; passing electric current through the element and adding heat to the body of molten aluminum. The heater is comprised of a sleeve suitable for immersing in the molten aluminum. The sleeve may have a closed end and is comprised of a composite material comprised of an inner layer of titanium or titanium alloy having an outside surface having a refractory coating thereon exposed to the molten aluminum, the refractory coating resistant to attack by the molten aluminum. An electric heating element is located in the sleeve in heat transfer relationship therewith for adding heat to the molten aluminum.

Abstract: A method of liberating or producing chlorine from hexachloroethane, the method comprising the steps of providing a body comprised of solid hexachloroethane and heating the body to a temperature sufficient to cause the solid hexachloroethane to produce hexachloroethane vapors. Thereafter, the hexachloroethane vapors are exposed to a heated surface and the hexachloroethane vapor decomposed utilizing heat from the heated surface to liberate chlorine from the hexachloroethane vapor.

Abstract: An electric heater assembly suitable for heating molten metal, the electric heater assembly having a sleeve comprised of a closed end suitable for immersing in the molten metal. The sleeve is fabricated from a composite material comprised of titanium alloy and having an outside surface to be exposed to the molten metal coated with a refractory resistant to attack by the molten metal; and an electric heater located in the sleeve in heat transfer relationship therewith.

Abstract: An improved electric heater assembly suitable for heating molten metal, the electric heater assembly having a tube comprised of a closed end suitable for immersing in the molten metal. The tube is fabricated from a composite material comprised of a metal having a coefficient of thermal expansion of less than 10.times.10.sup.-6 in/in/.degree. F. and having an outside surface to be exposed to the molten metal coated with a refractory resistant to attack by the molten metal; and an electric heater located in the tube in heat transfer relationship therewith.