Abstract: An electrochromic mirror includes a first electrode structure, a second electrode structure provided on the first electrode structure, and an electrolyte provided between the first and second electrode structures. Here, the first electrode structure further includes a metal layer, a graphene layer disposed on the metal layer, and an interface part disposed between the metal layer and the graphene layer. The interface part includes a micro/nano-porous polymer material.

Abstract: Disclosed is an optical modulator. An optical modulator comprises a substrate, an upper transparent electrode on the substrate, a partition wall providing a chamber between the substrate and the upper transparent electrode, an optical modulation member provided in the chamber and disposed on the substrate, and an electrolyte filling the chamber and including a first metal in an ionic state. The optical modulation member comprises a reflection layer on the substrate, and a lower transparent electrode on the reflection layer.

Abstract: Provided is a gate driving circuit. The gate driving circuit includes an ith modulation circuit and an ith line selection circuit (where i is a natural number greater than 1). The ith modulation circuit outputs an ith modulation voltage to an ith line selection circuit based on received first to third control signals. The ith line selection circuit includes a memory transistor that is turned on or turned off according to a level of the received ith modulation voltage.

Abstract: Provided are a method for manufacturing a light emitting apparatus, the light emitting apparatus, and a window. The method for manufacturing the light emitting apparatus includes preparing a liquid crystal device including a support substrate, a first electrode, a liquid crystal layer, and a sacrificial structure, separating the sacrificial structure from the liquid crystal layer to expose one surface of the liquid crystal layer, and forming a second electrode on the one surface of the liquid crystal layer.

Abstract: Provided is an optoelectronic element including a first substrate, a first electrode on the first substrate, a first lens pattern disposed on the first electrode and including a liquid crystal and a black dye molecule, a second lens pattern disposed on the first lens pattern, and a second electrode on the second lens pattern, wherein the black dye molecule includes about 1 to 4 azo groups and about 2 to 5 aromatic cyclic compounds.

Abstract: Provided are a liquid crystal device, a method for manufacturing a liquid crystal device, and a method for operating a liquid crystal device. According to the inventive concept, a method for manufacturing a liquid crystal device includes preparing a precursor solution including a monomer, liquid crystal molecules, a first dye, a second dye, and a third dye, and performing a polymerization process of the precursor solution to form a liquid crystal layer. The first dye, the second dye, and the third dye may reflect lights having different wavelengths from each other.

Abstract: Provided is a display device. The display device includes a lower display element where a substrate, a first lower electrode, a liquid crystal part, and a second lower electrode are sequentially stacked, an upper display element stacked vertical to the lower display element, where a first upper electrode, a light emitting part, a second upper electrode, and a protective part are sequentially stacked, and a middle part configured to deliver a driving signal to the lower and upper display elements, between the lower and upper display elements.

Abstract: A holographic display apparatus includes a light source unit, a spatial light modulator, and a spatial light modulator control circuit for controlling the spatial light modulator, the spatial light modulator control circuit including a data driving circuit for providing a data voltage to a signal line, a demultiplexer circuit which includes a plurality of switching elements connected to the signal line and sequentially turned on, and transfers the data voltage to a transfer line through a turned-on switching element among the switching elements, and a first element connected between the transfer line and a data line, passing a current flowing from the transfer line to the data line, and blocking a current flowing from the data line to the transfer line.

Abstract: Provided is an electrochromic device, which may prevent a damage of an electrode and include a lower substrate and an upper substrate configured to face each other with an electrolyte layer therebetween, an upper electrode provided between the electrolyte layer and the upper substrate, a lower electrode provided between the electrolyte layer and the lower substrate, an upper ion reactive layer provided between the upper electrode and the electrolyte layer, and a lower protection layer provided between the lower electrode and the electrolyte layer and configured to prohibit the lower electrode and the electrolyte layer from contacting.

Abstract: Provided are a p-type oxide semiconductor, a method of forming the p-type oxide semiconductor, and a transistor with the p-type oxide semiconductor. The p-type oxide semiconductor includes an alkali metal and a tin oxide.

Abstract: Disclosed is an optical modulator. An optical modulator comprises a substrate, an upper transparent electrode on the substrate, a partition wall providing a chamber between the substrate and the upper transparent electrode, an optical modulation member provided in the chamber and disposed on the substrate, and an electrolyte filling the chamber and including a first metal in an ionic state. The optical modulation member comprises a reflection layer on the substrate, and a lower transparent electrode on the reflection layer.

Abstract: Provided is a method of manufacturing an electronic apparatus which includes preparing a substrate having a first Young's modulus, disposing a thin film having a second Young's modulus greater than the first Young's modulus on the substrate, disposing an electronic device on the thin film, and disposing a capping layer configured to cover the electronic device on the thin film.

Abstract: Provided is an optical device manufacturing method including forming a reflection layer on a substrate, forming a dielectric layer on the reflection layer, and inserting a phase change material layer into the dielectric layer, wherein the inserting of the phase change material layer includes adjusting a position of the phase change material layer to be inserted into the dielectric layer according to a wavelength of incident light incident to the dielectric layer.

Abstract: A display panel includes pixels connected to each of gate lines and data lines. Each of the pixels includes a first transistor connected between a corresponding data line among the data lines and a first node and configured to deliver a data signal of the corresponding data line to the first node in response to an input signal received through a corresponding gate line among the gate lines, a reflective element circuit connected to the first node, and configured to implement the reflective mode in response to a signal of the first node when a first mode selection signal indicates a reflective mode, an emissive element circuit connected to a second node, and configured to implement the emissive mode in response to the signal of the first node when the mode selection mode indicates an emissive mode.

Abstract: Provided is an electrochromic device, which may prevent a damage of an electrode and include a lower substrate and an upper substrate configured to face each other with an electrolyte layer therebetween, an upper electrode provided between the electrolyte layer and the upper substrate, a lower electrode provided between the electrolyte layer and the lower substrate, an upper ion reactive layer provided between the upper electrode and the electrolyte layer, and a lower protection layer provided between the lower electrode and the electrolyte layer and configured to prohibit the lower electrode and the electrolyte layer from contacting.

Abstract: A color display device includes a plurality of pixels. Each of the pixels includes a first transparent electrode and a second transparent electrode, opposing to each other, a polymer layer between the first transparent electrode and the second transparent electrode, a first coloring material dispersed in the polymer layer, liquid crystals provided in the polymer layer, and a second coloring material dispersed in the liquid crystals. The first coloring material and the second coloring material presents different colors, and each of the first coloring material and the second coloring material includes at least one of a red coloring material, a green coloring material, a blue coloring material, a yellow coloring material, a cyan coloring material, and a magenta coloring material.

Abstract: A color display device includes a plurality of pixels. Each of the pixels includes a first transparent electrode and a second transparent electrode, opposing to each other, a polymer layer between the first transparent electrode and the second transparent electrode, a first coloring material dispersed in the polymer layer, liquid crystals provided in the polymer layer, and a second coloring material dispersed in the liquid crystals. The first coloring material and the second coloring material presents different colors, and each of the first coloring material and the second coloring material includes at least one of a red coloring material, a green coloring material, a blue coloring material, a yellow coloring material, a cyan coloring material, and a magenta coloring material.

Abstract: A display apparatus may include: a first base substrate; a driving circuit unit disposed on the first base substrate and including a plurality of gate lines, a plurality of data lines and a plurality of thin film transistors electrically connected to the plurality of gate lines and the plurality of data lines; a driving circuit controller including a gate driver disposed between the driving circuit unit and the first base substrate and outputting a gate signal to the gate lines, a data driver outputting a data voltage to the plurality of data lines and an interface circuit unit controlling operation timings of the gate driver and the data driver; and an image embodying unit disposed on the driving circuit unit and embodying an image in response to a signal received from the driving circuit unit.

Abstract: Provided are a spatial light modulator (SLM) and a method of fabricating the same. The complex spatial light modulator includes a thin film transistor (TFT) layer provided on a substrate, an amplitude type SLM and a phase type SLM electrically connected to the TFT layer, and a first polarizer provided on the phase type SLM, wherein the TFT layer includes transistors electrically connected to the amplitude type SLM and the phase type SLM, respectively, and the amplitude type SLM and the phase type SLM are commonly and electrically connected to the TFT layer and driven.

Abstract: Provided are a display device and a method of driving the same. The display device includes a polymer layer including dichroic dyes and a liquid crystal, which is not mixed or reacted with the polymer layer, dispersed in the polymer layer. The polymer and the liquid crystal having different refractive indices from each other are used to provide a display device which is reflective and transmissible.