Abstract: The present invention relates to an aqueous dental glass ionomer composition for use in the treatment of cavitated carious lesions, which composition comprises a water-soluble, polymerizable polymer comprising acidic groups, which is reactive with the particulate glass in a cement reaction, whereby the polymerizable polymer has a polymer backbone and pendant groups having one or more polymerizable carbon-carbon double bonds. The dental glass ionomer composition is used as a permanent direct restoration.

Abstract: A method detects electrical fault states of a plurality of energy storage cells interconnected with one another in series and/or in parallel in a removable battery pack using a first monitoring unit integrated in the removable battery pack and a multiplexer measuring apparatus, which can be controlled by the first monitoring unit to sequentially measure cell voltages of the energy storage cells. A further monitoring unit sends a command to the first monitoring unit to control the multiplexer measuring apparatus, and is provided in an electrical device, in particular a charging device, a diagnostic device or an electrical consumer, that can be electrically connected to the removable battery pack.

Abstract: A method controls a charging or discharging current of a removable battery pack and/or an electrical device, in particular a charging device, a diagnostic device or an electrical consumer, using a first monitoring unit integrated in the removable battery pack and a further monitoring unit integrated in the electrical device. The method includes monitoring a defined control potential of a signal or data contact between the removable battery pack and the electrical device using the further monitoring unit.

Abstract: A storage battery device for a battery pack of a handheld power tool. The storage battery device including at least one electronics unit that has at least one circuit board. The electronics unit includes at least one electrically conductive plastic element, in particular, an electrically conductive elastomer, which is connected electrically to at least the circuit board.

Abstract: An electrical device includes a housing with a first external contact and a second external contact for supplying the electrical device with power. The electrical device has a first conductor, a second conductor, and an evaluation unit in the housing. The first conductor is electrically connected to a first contact for a first potential. The second conductor is electrically connected to a second contact for a second potential that is different from the first potential. The first conductor and the second conductor are electrically connected to the evaluation unit. The first conductor and the second conductor are configured such that an electrical connection between the first conductor and the second conductor, due to dirt or moisture in the housing, is detected by the evaluation unit.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a protective device for an electronic component connected to an electrical interface, comprising: a detection device for detecting electrical voltage and/or electrical current at the electronic component; a monitoring device; an electronic switch connected in series with the electronic component for disconnecting the electronic component from the electrical interface in the event that an impermissibly high electrical voltage is applied at the electronic component, wherein at least double the nominal voltage is identified as an impermissibly high electrical voltage, wherein in the event that an impermissibly high electrical voltage is no longer detected at the electronic component, the electronic component can be connected to the interface by means of the electronic switch.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a rechargeable battery pack for a hand-held power tool, having an interface for establishing an electrical connection of the rechargeable battery pack to a hand-held power tool and/or a charging device. The interface has contact elements for electrically contacting corresponding mating contact elements on the hand-held power tool and/or on the charging device. One contact element is a signal contact element which is electrically connected to an encoder element of the rechargeable battery pack. A rechargeable battery pack electronics is configured to provide information relating to the rechargeable battery pack via the signal contact element, said information relating to the rechargeable battery pack being stored, at least in part, in the at least one encoder element, wherein in the rechargeable battery pack electronics, the encoder element is connected, in an electric parallel circuit, in parallel with a dynamic current path.

Abstract: A battery pack is disclosed that includes a housing, including a cell holder, including at least one battery cell, the battery cell being at least partially received in the cell holder, including a cell connector, the cell connector being designed for electrical connection of the battery cell, and including a printed circuit board, the cell connector being electrically connected to the printed circuit board. The battery pack also has a mounting element to support the connection of the cell connector to the printed circuit board, the mounting element being located in a cut-out of the printed circuit board.

Abstract: A method for recognizing contacting errors in a rechargeable battery pack. Each rechargeable battery of the rechargeable battery pack is connected in parallel to at least one further rechargeable battery of the rechargeable battery pack. The method includes: applying at least one current to the rechargeable battery pack; ascertaining at least one voltage that is present at the rechargeable battery pack, as a function of the applied current; determining at least one parameter based on the ascertained voltage; and comparing the parameter to a comparison variable.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a microkernel of an operating system executing on a computing system receives, from an application, a first system call requesting to communicate with a service registry. The first system call being associated with an operation request. The microkernel sends a first instruction to the service registry. The microkernel receives, from the service registry, a second system call requesting to communicate with at least one of an application service or a protocol service. The second system call being associated with the operation request. The microkernel sends a second instruction to at least one of the application service or the protocol service. The microkernel receives, from at least one of the application service or the protocol service, a third system call requesting to communicate with a driver service. The third system call being associated with the operation request. The microkernel sends a third instruction to the driver service.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a method for adaptively fast-charging a battery pack using a battery charging device. At least one voltage and the temperature of the battery pack are continuously or periodically detected by means of a detection unit. A charging current of the battery charging device is adapted by means of a control and/or regulating unit of the battery charging device on the basis of the detected voltage and/or the detected temperature of the battery pack. At least one battery-specific threshold of the voltage and/or the temperature is taken into consideration in order to adapt the charging current by means of the control and/or regulating unit. Prior to starting the charging process, the battery-specific threshold of the voltage and/or the temperature is transmitted from a memory unit of the battery pack and/or the battery charging device to the control and/or regulating unit by means of a communication unit.

Abstract: The disclosure is based on a method for the adaptive rapid charging of a battery pack, in particular of an interchangeable battery pack for electric machine tools, by way of a battery charger, wherein, in at least one method step, at least one charging parameter of the battery charger is adjusted depending on at least one parameter of the battery pack. It is proposed, in at least one method step, for the at least one charging parameter to be adjusted depending on at least one charging characteristic diagram that is typical for the battery, is stored in a storage unit of the battery pack and contains at least predefined values of a voltage, temperature and/or current suitable for a charging procedure for the battery pack.

Abstract: A method is described for charging an accumulator having terminals at which a terminal voltage is applied. The method includes the following steps: (a) charging the accumulator using a predefined current or a predefined electrical power until the terminal voltage has reached a predefined first value; (b) determining a time-dependent drop in the terminal voltage of the accumulator at a reduced charge current; (c) determining a second value on the basis of the voltage loss, the second value being greater than the first value; and (d) charging the accumulator using a predefined current or a predefined electrical power until the terminal voltage of the accumulator has reached the second value.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method includes creating, by a computing device, an inter process communication (IPC) channel for communication from a producer process to a consumer process. The IPC channel includes a message buffer mapped to a first virtual address space of a kernel of an operating system and to a second virtual address space of the consumer process in a user space of the operating system. A sender handle for the message buffer is sent to the producer process. The kernel receives a request, which includes the sender handle, to send a message from the producer process to the consumer process through the IPC channel. Responsive to a determination that the request is permitted, the kernel writes the message to the message buffer using the sender handle, such that message written in the message buffer is accessible to the consumer process through the second address space.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a kernel of an operating system receives a request to store a message in a message buffer, which includes a plurality of chunks. Each chunk of the message buffer is associated with a message-occupancy indicator. The kernel determines a start and end position of the message when stored in the message buffer. The kernel determines, based on the start and end positions, whether the message, when stored, will occupy more than one chunk. Responsive to determining that the message will occupy more than one chunk, the kernel determines each chunk that will contain the message when stored. If a message occupancy-indicator associated with each chunk indicates that at least each chunk after a first chunk associated with the start position is unoccupied, the kernel stores the message in the message buffer and updates the message-occupancy indicator for each chunk containing the stored message.

Abstract: A method detects electrical fault states of at least one removable battery pack and/or an electrical device, in particular a charging device, a diagnostic device or an electrical consumer, that can be connected to the at least one removable battery pack, using a first monitoring unit integrated in the at least one removable battery pack and a further monitoring unit integrated in the electrical device. The first monitoring unit and the further monitoring unit each count the faulty charging or discharging processes.

Abstract: A method detects electrical fault states of a plurality of energy storage cells interconnected with one another in series and/or in parallel in a removable battery pack using a first monitoring unit integrated in the removable battery pack and a multiplexer measuring apparatus, which can be controlled by the first monitoring unit to sequentially measure cell voltages of the energy storage cells. A further monitoring unit sends a command to the first monitoring unit to control the multiplexer measuring apparatus, and is provided in an electrical device, in particular a charging device, a diagnostic device or an electrical consumer, that can be electrically connected to the removable battery pack.

Abstract: A method detects electrical fault states of a removable battery pack and/or an electrical device, in particular a charging device, a diagnostic device or an electrical consumer, that can be connected to the removable battery pack, using a first monitoring unit integrated in the removable battery pack. The method includes measuring a charging or discharge current using a first current measuring apparatus integrated in the electrical device and transmitting the measured current directly or as a converted voltage value to the first monitoring unit of the removable battery pack, and determining, using the first monitoring unit, based on the charging or discharge current and/or the voltage value calculated therefrom, whether the removable battery pack is operating in a permissible operating range.

Abstract: A method detects electrical fault states of a removable battery pack. Cell voltage values of a plurality of energy storage cells of the removable battery pack are detected by a first monitoring unit integrated in the removable battery pack and a voltage of the removable battery pack is detected by a further monitoring unit integrated in an electrical device, in particular a charging device, a diagnostic device or an electrical consumer, that can be connected to the removable battery pack. The cell voltage values detected by the first monitoring unit are transmitted to the further monitoring unit. The further monitoring unit sums the cell voltage values and compares this with the voltage value of the removable battery pack.

Abstract: A method identifies a measure that is not provided for by a manufacturer on or using a removable battery pack having at least one energy storage cell and a monitoring unit. The method includes detecting and storing a voltage of the removable battery pack and/or a cell voltage of the at least one energy storage cell using the monitoring unit before the monitoring unit is set to a quiescent state or when the removable battery pack is set to a state other than a charging operating state. The method also includes comparing the detected voltage of the removable battery pack and/or the detected cell voltage with a previously-stored voltage of the removable battery pack or a previously-stored cell voltage using the monitoring unit when the monitoring unit is set to an operating state or when the removable battery pack is in the state other than the charging operating state.