Abstract: A stamped bare wire metal heating element for heating fluid in a tankless electric fluid heating device may include a first electrically conductive portion extending linearly; a second electrically conductive portion extending linearly; and a third electrically conductive portion connecting the first electrically conductive portion to the second electrically conductive portion at a first end of the stamped bare wire metal heating element, wherein the stamped bare wire metal heating element is open between the first electrically conductive portion and the second electrically conductive portion at a second end of the stamped bare wire metal heating element.

Abstract: A question answering (QA) system comprising memory for storing instructions, and a processor configured to execute the instructions to ingest source documents that include structured data and unstructured data to create a knowledge base, wherein the unstructured data includes table data; create table annotations to represent the table data; store the ingested structured data, unstructured data, and the table annotations in the knowledge base; and determine answers to questions using the knowledge base.

Abstract: A method generates a complex response to a question in a question answering system. A core knowledge database stores essential annotations associated with term spans from an original text document. One or more auxiliary knowledge databases store non-essential annotations for the term spans from the original text document. One or more processors establish links among the core knowledge database and the one or more auxiliary knowledge databases by using parallel fields for corresponding term spans, where the parallel fields provide positional term span location information for correlating the essential annotations to the non-essential annotations. The processor(s) receive a question from a question answering system, and then, using the correlated essential annotations and non-essential annotations, fetch term spans that answer the question in a complex response, generate the complex response by using the fetched term spans, and then return the complex response to the question answering system.

Abstract: Embodiments may provide a computer implemented method in a data processing system comprising a processor and a memory, the memory comprising instructions that are executed by the processor to cause the processor to implement a system for bookmarking, the method comprising: receiving, by the processor, at least one search query from a user; returning, by the processor, a set of search results and a search score for each search result to the user; recording, by the processor, behavior of the user with respect to the search results; selecting, by the processor, at least one search result based on recorded behavior and the search score; determining, by the processor, at least one topic for the at least one selected search result; and generating, by the processor, a bookmark for each selected search result, under the at least one topic.

Abstract: A question answering (QA) system comprising memory for storing instructions, and a processor configured to execute the instructions to ingest source documents that include structured data and unstructured data to create a knowledge base, wherein the unstructured data includes table data; create table annotations to represent the table data; store the ingested structured data, unstructured data, and the table annotations in the knowledge base; and determine answers to questions using the knowledge base.

Abstract: Embodiments may provide a computer implemented method in a data processing system comprising a processor and a memory, the memory comprising instructions that are executed by the processor to cause the processor to implement a system for bookmarking, the method comprising: receiving, by the processor, at least one search query from a user; returning, by the processor, a set of search results and a search score for each search result to the user; recording, by the processor, behavior of the user with respect to the search results; selecting, by the processor, at least one search result based on recorded behavior and the search score; determining, by the processor, at least one topic for the at least one selected search result; and generating, by the processor, a bookmark for each selected search result, under the at least one topic.

Abstract: An approach is provided in which a knowledge manager generates a knowledge structure that includes security annotation tokens and term tokens. Each of the security annotation tokens are stored in a parallel field and align to at least one of the term tokens. The knowledge manager matches security policies corresponding to a search request to one or more of the security annotation tokens and, in turn, generates search results based upon obfuscation of one or more of the term tokens aligned to the matched security annotation tokens.

Abstract: An approach is provided in which a knowledge manager generates term tokens from terms included in an original text stream, and generates annotation tokens with corresponding term location information. In turn, the knowledge manager generates a knowledge structure that indexes the term tokens into original text fields and indexes the annotation tokens into parallel fields that align to the original text fields based upon the term location information.

Abstract: An approach is provided in which a knowledge manager generates syntactic annotation tokens that correspond to syntactic relationships between terms included in a source document. The knowledge manager creates a knowledge structure that stores the syntactic annotation tokens in parallel fields and stores the source document terms in original text fields, which align to the parallel fields. In turn, the knowledge manager utilizes the knowledge structure to generate answers to questions based upon the syntactic annotation tokens.

Abstract: An approach is provided in which a knowledge manager generates a knowledge structure that includes security annotation tokens and term tokens. Each of the security annotation tokens are stored in a parallel field and align to at least one of the term tokens. The knowledge manager matches security policies corresponding to a search request to one or more of the security annotation tokens and, in turn, generates search results based upon obfuscation of one or more of the term tokens aligned to the matched security annotation tokens.

Abstract: An approach is provided in which a knowledge manager generates a knowledge structure that includes security annotation tokens and term tokens. Each of the security annotation tokens are stored in a parallel field and align to at least one of the term tokens. The knowledge manager matches security policies corresponding to a search request to one or more of the security annotation tokens and, in turn, generates search results based upon obfuscation of one or more of the term tokens aligned to the matched security annotation tokens.

Abstract: An approach is provided in which a knowledge manager generates a knowledge structure that includes security annotation tokens and term tokens. Each of the security annotation tokens are stored in a parallel field and align to at least one of the term tokens. The knowledge manager matches security policies corresponding to a search request to one or more of the security annotation tokens and, in turn, generates search results based upon obfuscation of one or more of the term tokens aligned to the matched security annotation tokens.

Abstract: Mechanisms are provided for performing context based synonym filtering for natural language processing. Content is parsed into one or more conceptual units, wherein each conceptual unit comprises a portion of text of the content that is associated with a single concept. For each conceptual unit, a term in the conceptual unit is identified that has a synonym to be utilized during natural language processing of the content. A first measure of relatedness of the term to at least one other term in the conceptual unit is determined. A second measure of relatedness of the synonym of the term to the at least one other term in the conceptual unit is determined. A determination whether or not to utilize the synonym when performing natural language processing on the conceptual unit is made based on the first and second measures of relatedness and natural language processing on the content is performed accordingly.

Abstract: According to an aspect, a question answering computer system determines a set of search terms for a given question. A plurality of passages that each includes at least one search term in the set of search terms is identified in response to a search of a document for search terms in the set of search terms. A passage from the plurality of passages is selected. A context based score of the selected passage that indicates the likelihood that the selected passage contains an answer to the question is generated based on criteria that specify a relationship among the set of search terms, content of the passage, and content of at least one other passage in the plurality of passages.

Abstract: An approach is provided in which a knowledge manager generates syntactic annotation tokens that correspond to syntactic relationships between terms included in a source document. The knowledge manager creates a knowledge structure that stores the syntactic annotation tokens in parallel fields and stores the source document terms in original text fields, which align to the parallel fields. In turn, the knowledge manager utilizes the knowledge structure to generate answers to questions based upon the syntactic annotation tokens.

Abstract: According to an aspect, a question answering computer system determines a set of search terms for a given question. A plurality of passages that each includes at least one search term in the set of search terms is identified in response to a search of a document for search terms in the set of search terms. A passage from the plurality of passages is selected. A context based score of the selected passage that indicates the likelihood that the selected passage contains an answer to the question is generated based on criteria that specify a relationship among the set of search terms, content of the passage, and content of at least one other passage in the plurality of passages.

Abstract: According to an aspect, a question answering computer system determines a set of search terms for a given question. A plurality of passages that each includes at least one search term in the set of search terms is identified in response to a search of a document for search terms in the set of search terms. A passage from the plurality of passages is selected. A context based score of the selected passage that indicates the likelihood that the selected passage contains an answer to the question is generated based on criteria that specify a relationship among the set of search terms, content of the passage, and content of at least one other passage in the plurality of passages.

Abstract: According to an aspect, a question answering computer system determines a set of search terms for a given question. A plurality of passages that each includes at least one search term in the set of search terms is identified in response to a search of a document for search terms in the set of search terms. A passage from the plurality of passages is selected. A context based score of the selected passage that indicates the likelihood that the selected passage contains an answer to the question is generated based on criteria that specify a relationship among the set of search terms, content of the passage, and content of at least one other passage in the plurality of passages.

Abstract: An approach is provided in which a knowledge manager generates syntactic annotation tokens that correspond to syntactic relationships between terms included in a source document. The knowledge manager creates a knowledge structure that stores the syntactic annotation tokens in parallel fields and stores the source document terms in original text fields, which align to the parallel fields. In turn, the knowledge manager utilizes the knowledge structure to generate answers to questions based upon the syntactic annotation tokens.

Abstract: An approach is provided in which a knowledge manager generates syntactic annotation tokens that correspond to syntactic relationships between terms included in a source document. The knowledge manager creates a knowledge structure that stores the syntactic annotation tokens in parallel fields and stores the source document terms in original text fields, which align to the parallel fields. In turn, the knowledge manager utilizes the knowledge structure to generate answers to questions based upon the syntactic annotation tokens.