Abstract: A device (110) for determining at least one optical property of a sample (112) is proposed. The device (110) comprises a tuneable excitation light source (114; 410) for applying excitation light (122) to the sample (112). The device (110) furthermore comprises a detector (128, 130; 312) for detecting detection light (132, 136; 314) emerging from the sample (112). The excitation light source (114; 410) comprises a light-emitting diode array (114), which is configured at least partly as a monolithic light-emitting diode array (114). The monolithic light-emitting diode array (114) comprises at least three light-emitting diodes (426) each having a different emission spectrum.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of specific phthalocyanines which bear substituents on the basic phthalocyanine structure bonded via methylene groups as markers for liquids, especially mineral oils, to liquids, especially mineral oils which comprise at least one such phthalocyanine as a marker, and also to novel specific phthalocyanines which bear substituents on the basic phthalocyanine structure bonded via methylene groups.

Abstract: A process for preparing compounds of the general formula (I) by reacting the compound of the general formula (II) where L, L? are the same or different and are each independently Cl or OH in the presence of a. chlorine compounds Cl-M2R1R2R3, Cl-M3R4R5R6, with the proviso that L and L? are not both simultaneously OH, or b. hydroxyl compounds HO-M2R1R2R3, HO-M3R4R5R6. The use of compounds of the general formula (I) as markers for liquids and a process for detecting markers in liquids.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of rylene derivatives of the general formula (I) as markers for liquids, where the symbols and indices have the meanings given in the specification.

Abstract: Phthalocyanines of the formula (I) where the symbols and indices each have the definitions specified in the description are suitable as markers for liquids, especially mineral oils.

Abstract: A method is proposed for detecting at least one chemical compound V contained in a medium (312). The method comprises a verification step (420) which is used to determine whether V is contained in the medium (312). The method furthermore comprises an analysis step (424) in which a concentration c of the at least one chemical compound V is determined.

Abstract: The use of compounds of the general formula (I) as markers for liquids, methods for detecting markers in liquids, methods for identifying liquids and selected compounds of the general formula (I).

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of specific phthalocyanines which bear substituents on the basic phthalocyanine structure bonded via methylene groups as markers for liquids, especially mineral oils, to liquids, especially mineral oils which comprise at least one such phthalocyanine as a marker, and also to novel specific phthalocyanines which bear substituents on the basic phthalocyanine structure bonded via methylene groups.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of selected dibenzanthrone or isodibenzanthrone derivatives as markers for liquids, in particular for mineral oils. The present invention further relates both to fuel and lubricant additive concentrates and to mineral oils which comprise at least one such dibenzanthrone or isodibenzanthrone derivative.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for determining the identity or non-identity of at least one chemical compound V? homogeneous y distributed in a medium, by a) exposing the medium containing at least one homogeneously distributed chemical compound V? to analysis radiation with a variable wavelength ?, and b) determining the spectral measurement function I?(?) with the aid of the absorbed, reflected, emitted and/or scattered radiation, wherein a correlation function K(??,c?,c) is determined according to Equation I K ? ( ? ? ? ? ? , c ? , c ) = 1 / N · ? - ? + ? ? I ? ? ( ? , c ? ) · I ? ( ? + ? ? ? ? ? , c ) ? ? ? ? ? ( I ) in which K(??,c?,c) denotes the correlation depending on the relative shift ?? of the functions I?(?,c?) and I(?,c) and the concentrations c? and c of the at least one chemical compound V? and V, c? denotes the concentration of the at least one chemical compound V? homogeneously distributed in the medium, with a

Abstract: The invention relates to fuel and lubricant additive concentrates which comprise at least one anthraquinone derivative as a marker, to the use of such concentrates for additizing mineral oils and also for mineral oils which comprise such concentrates.

Abstract: In a method of marking hydrocarbons by addition of at least one first marker, at least one second marker which cannot be removed completely from the hydrocarbons under the conditions of the removal of the first marker or markers is additionally added to the hydrocarbons.

Abstract: Compositions comprising as components A) at least one bisazo compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of the general formula Ia  and of the general formula Ib  where R1 is C1-C8-alkyl, R2 is C2-C8-alkyl, R3 and R3′ are each C2-C21-alkyl in which up to four CH2 groups of the carbon chain may be replaced by oxygen in ether function, R4 is hydrogen or is R3 (independently of R3), R4′ is hydrogen or is R3′ (independently of R3′), B) at least one solvent in which said component A) is soluble, and optionally C) at least one surface-active substance, are useful as dye penetrants for detecting surface cracks or other defects in workpieces to be tested in this respect.

Abstract: Phthalocyanines of the formula where Me is twice hydrogen, twice lithium, magnesium, zinc, copper, nickel, VO, TiO, AlCl, AlOH, AlOCOCH3, AlOCOCF3, SiCl2 or Si(OH)2, at least four of the radicals R1 to R16 are each independently of the others a five- or six-membered saturated nitrogen-containing heterocyclic radical which is bonded to the phthalocyanine structure via a ring nitrogen atom and which can additionally contain further hetero atoms, and any remaining radicals R1 to R16 are each hydrogen, halogen, hydroxysulfonyl or C1-C4-dialkylsulfamoyl, subject to the proviso that tetrakispiperidinylphthalocyanine shall be excluded, and heterocyclyl-substituted phthalocyanines are useful for marking liquids, in particular mineral oils.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of marking liquids using at least two markers, wherein said markers absorb in the 600-1200 nm region of the spectrum and reemit fluorescent light and the absorption range of at least one marker overlaps with the absorption range of at least one other marker. The present invention further relates to a method for detecting markers in liquids marked by the method of the invention, which comprises using light sources which emit radiation in the absorption ranges of said markers and detecting the fluorescent light reemitted by said markers, at least one of said light sources emitting radiation in the overlapping absorption range of at least one marker with that of at least one other marker and the number of light sources being less than or equal to the number of markers. The present invention further relates to liquids marked by the method of the invention.

Abstract: Use of compounds from the class of the phthalocyanines, naphthalocyanines, nickel dithiolene complexes, aminium compounds of aromatic amines, methine dyes or azulenesquaric acid dyes which have their absorption maximum in the range from 600 to 1,200 nm and/or a fluorescence maximum in the range from 620 to 1,200 nm, as markers for liquids, a process for detecting markers in liquids, and a detector suitable for this purpose.

Abstract: Use of compounds from the class of the phthalocyanines, naphthalocyanines, nickel dithiolene complexes, aminium compounds of aromatic amines, methine dyes or azulenesquaric acid dyes which have their absorption maximum in the range from 600 to 1,200 nm and/or a fluorescence maximum in the range from 620 to 1,200 nm, as markers for liquids, a process for detecting markers in liquids, and a detector suitable for this purpose.

Abstract: Dye preparations comprising one or more dyes with no water-solubilizing groups in the molecule from the class of the metal complex azo dyes or the metal phthalocyanines and reaction products between from 1 to 50 mol of ethylene oxide and 1 mol of castor oil are useful for coloring granular or pulverulent substrates and for preparing aqueous dye preparations useful in printing inks.

Abstract: The invention discloses the use of anthraquinones of the formula ##STR1## where R.sup.3 is unsubstituted or substituted C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 -alkyl or unsubstituted or substituted phenyl for marking mineral oils. Also disclosed are the marked mineral oils and a method of detecting the anthraquinones in mineral oils.

Abstract: Azo dyes useful for marking mineral oils have the formula ##STR1## where R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkoxy,R.sup.3 is hydrogen or C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl which may be substituted by hydroxyl and interrupted by from 1 to 3 oxygen atoms,R.sup.4 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl which may be substituted by hydroxyl and interrupted by from 1 to 3 oxygen atoms, andX is cyano or substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkoxycarbonyl,with the proviso that the molecule contains at least one hydroxyalkyl radical.