Abstract: A neutron generator includes a conductive substrate comprising a plurality of conductive nanostructures with free-standing tips and a source of an atomic species to introduce the atomic species in proximity to the free-standing tips. A target placed apart from the substrate is voltage biased relative to the substrate to ionize and accelerate the ionized atomic species toward the target. The target includes an element capable of a nuclear fusion reaction with the ionized atomic species to produce a one or more neutrons as a reaction by-product.

Abstract: A neutron generator includes a conductive substrate comprising a plurality of conductive nanostructures with free-standing tips and a source of an atomic species to introduce the atomic species in proximity to the free-standing tips. A target placed apart from the substrate is voltage biased relative to the substrate to ionize and accelerate the ionized atomic species toward the target. The target includes an element capable of a nuclear fusion reaction with the ionized atomic species to produce a one or more neutrons as a reaction by-product.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for detection of peak wavelength values of colorimetric resonant optical biosensors using tunable filters and tunable lasers is provided. Biomolecular interactions may be detected on a biosensor by directing collimated white light towards a surface of the biosensor. Molecular binding on the surface of the biosensor is indicated in a shift in the peak wavelength value of the reflected or transmitted light from the biosensor, while an increase in the wavelength corresponds to an increase in molecular absorption. A tunable laser light source may generate the collimated white light and a tunable filter may receive the reflected or transmitted light and pass the light to a photodiode sensor. The photodiode sensor then quantifies an amount of the light reflected or transmitted through the tunable filter as a function of the tuning voltage of the tunable filter.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for detection of peak wavelength values of colorimetric resonant optical biosensors using tunable filters and tunable lasers is provided. Biomolecular interactions may be detected on a biosensor by directing collimated white light towards a surface of the biosensor. Molecular binding on the surface of the biosensor is indicated by a shift in the peak wavelength value of reflected or transmitted light from the biosensor, while an increase in the wavelength corresponds to an increase in molecular absorption. A tunable laser light source may generate the collimated white light and a tunable filter may receive the reflected or transmitted light and pass the light to a photodiode sensor. The photodiode sensor then quantifies an amount of the light reflected or transmitted through the tunable filter as a function of the tuning voltage of the tunable filter.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for detection of peak wavelength values of colorimetric resonant optical biosensors using tunable filters and tunable lasers is provided. Biomolecular interactions may be detected on a biosensor by directing collimated white light towards a surface of the biosensor. Molecular binding on the surface of the biosensor is indicated by a shift in the peak wavelength value of reflected or transmitted light from the biosensor, while an increase in the wavelength corresponds to an increase in molecular absorption. A tunable laser light source may generate the collimated white light and a tunable filter may receive the reflected or transmitted light and pass the light to a photodiode sensor. The photodiode sensor then quantifies an amount of the light reflected or transmitted through the tunable filter as a function of the tuning voltage of the tunable filter.

Abstract: A vertical cavity apparatus includes first and second mirrors, a substrate and at least first and second active regions positioned between the first and second mirrors. At least one of the first and second mirrors is a fiber with a grating. At least a first tunnel junction is positioned between the first and second mirrors.

Abstract: A vertical cavity apparatus includes first and second mirrors, a substrate, first and second active regions and a plurality of individual active regions. Each of an individual active region is positioned between the first and second active regions. A first oxide layer is positioned between the first mirror and the second mirror. A plurality of tunnel junctions are positioned between the first and second mirrors.

Abstract: A vertical cavity apparatus includes a first mirror, a substrate and a second mirror coupled to the substrate. At least a first and a second active region are each positioned between the first and second mirrors. At least a first oxide layer is positioned between the first and second mirrors. At least a first tunnel junction is positioned between the first and second mirrors.

Abstract: A vertical cavity apparatus includes first and second mirrors, a substrate and at least first and second active regions positioned between the first and second mirrors. At least one of the first and second mirrors is a fused mirror. At least a first tunnel junction is positioned between the first and second mirrors.

Abstract: A vertical cavity apparatus includes first and second mirrors, a substrate and at least first and second active regions positioned between the first and second mirrors. A first etched layer is positioned between the first and second mirrors. A first tunnel junction is positioned between the first and second mirrors.

Abstract: A vertical cavity apparatus includes first and second mirrors, a substrate and at least first and second active regions positioned between the first and second mirrors. At least one of the first and second mirrors is a lattice relaxed mirror. At least a first tunnel junction is positioned between the first and second mirrors.

Abstract: A vertical cavity apparatus includes first and second mirrors, a substrate and at least first and second active regions positioned between the first and second mirrors. At least one of the first and second mirrors is a dielectric mirror. At least a first tunnel junction is positioned between the first and second mirrors.

Abstract: A vertical cavity apparatus includes a first mirror, a substrate and a second mirror coupled to the substrate. At least a first and a second active region are each positioned between the first and second mirrors. At least a first ion implantation layer is positioned between the first and second mirrors. At least a first tunnel junction is positioned between the first and second mirrors.

Abstract: A vertical cavity apparatus includes a die with a top surface and a plurality of planar electrically conducting layers. At least one of the layers is an oxide layer formed of an oxidizable material that is oxidized upon exposure to an oxidizing agent to convert the oxidizable material to an electrical insulator. A plurality of oxide apertures are formed by via holes connecting the top surface to the oxide layer. A majority of the individual oxide apertures have different sizes. An optoelectronic device is coupled to a single oxide aperture in the die.

Abstract: A wafer assembly that includes a wafer substrate. A plurality of micro-optomechanical or micro-optoelectrical devices are positioned on a surface of the wafer substrate. Each micro-optomechanical or micro-optoelectrical device has a seal surface. A plurality of seal caps are coupled to the micro-optomechanical or micro-optoelectrical devices. Each seal cap has a seal ring. The seal cap seal ring is coupled to a seal surface of the micro-optomechanical or micro-optoelectrical device to form a hermetic seal.

Abstract: A multiplexer has an optical circulator including at least first, second and third circulator ports. An optical fiber with a first optical transmission path is coupled to the first circulator port of the optical circulator. The optical fiber carries a wavelength division multiplexed optical signal, including signals &lgr;1-&lgr;n, and at least one signal &lgr;1 to be dropped by the multiplexer. A second optical transmission path is in optical communication with the second circulator port. A first filter is coupled to the second optical transmission path. The first filter passes a portion of the &lgr;1 signal, and reflects a first residual &lgr;1 signal and signals &lgr;2-&lgr;n to the optical circulator. A third optical transmission path is in optical communication with the third circulator port and transmits the signals &lgr;2-&lgr;n received from the optical circulator.

Abstract: A monolithic vertical optical cavity device built up along a vertical direction. The device has a bottom Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR), a Quantum Well (QW) region consisting of least one active layer grown on top of the bottom DBR by using a Selective Area Epitaxy (SAE) mask such that the active layer or layers exhibit a variation in at least one physical parameter in a horizontal plane perpendicular to the vertical direction and a top DBR deposited on top of the QW region. A spacer is deposited with or without SAE adjacent the QW region. The device has a variable Fabry-Perot distance defined along the vertical direction between the bottom DBR and the top DBR and a variable physical parameter of the active layer. The varying physical parameter of the active layers is either their surface curvature and/or the band gap and both of these parameters are regulated by SAE. The monolithic vertical cavity device can be used as a Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) or a Vertical Cavity Detector (VCDET).