Abstract: An electron source according to the present disclosure includes a columnar portion made of a first material having an electron emission characteristic; and a tubular portion that is disposed to surround the columnar portion and made of a second material having a higher work function than the first material, wherein a hole that extends in a direction from one end face toward the other end face and has a substantially circular cross-sectional shape is formed in the tubular portion, and the columnar portion has a substantially triangular or substantially quadrangular cross-sectional shape and is fixed to the tubular portion in an abutting engagement with an inner surface of the hole.

Abstract: An LED lighting sheet (20) for animal/plant growth includes an array of LED chips (21). At any location 50 mm away from the LED chips (21) in a lower region below the LED lighting sheet (20) for animal/plant growth, a photosynthetic photon flux density converted by input power and normalized by an average value over the lower region is greater than or equal to 0.2. A variation in photosynthetic photon flux densities respectively measured at locations 50 mm away from the LED chips (21) in the lower region below the LED lighting sheet (20) for animal/plant growth is less than or equal to 0.5 in standard deviation when normalized by the average value.

Abstract: An electron source according to the present disclosure includes a columnar portion made of a first material having an electron emission characteristic; and a tubular portion that is disposed to surround the columnar portion and made of a second material having a higher work function than the first material, wherein a hole that extends in a direction from one end face toward the other end face and has a substantially circular cross-sectional shape is formed in the tubular portion, and the columnar portion has a substantially triangular or substantially quadrangular cross-sectional shape and is fixed to the tubular portion in an abutting engagement with an inner surface of the hole.

Abstract: An LED lighting sheet (20) for animal/plant growth includes an array of LED chips (21). At any location 50 mm away from the LED chips (21) in a lower region below the LED lighting sheet (20) for animal/plant growth, a photosynthetic photon flux density converted by input power and normalized by an average value over the lower region is greater than or equal to 0.2. A variation in photosynthetic photon flux densities respectively measured at locations 50 mm away from the LED chips (21) in the lower region below the LED lighting sheet (20) for animal/plant growth is less than or equal to 0.5 in standard deviation when normalized by the average value.

Abstract: An LED lighting sheet (20) for animal/plant growth includes an array of LED chips (21) and has a total luminous flux of 3000 lm or more.

Abstract: To provide a hologram, a light-transmissive reflector plate, a screen, and a projection system capable of achieving high transparency and allowing a projected image to be brightly and clearly reflected and observed. A hologram 1 has a relief part, wherein the hologram 1 reflects a given white light incident thereon at a given angle from one side, while transmits a given white light incident thereon at a given angle from the other side, and diffraction efficiency for transmitted light and diffraction efficiency for reflected light differ from each other.

Abstract: The present invention provides a volume hologram transfer foil which has good foil cutting characteristics and is used to manufacture a volume hologram laminate by transferring a volume hologram layer to an adherend by thermocompression. The volume hologram transfer foil includes a base material, a protective layer, a volume hologram layer, and a heat seal layer, wherein the protective layer contains a hard coat component, a rupture elongation control component, and a foil cutting characteristic control component which has a thermal expansion coefficient different from those of the hard coat component and rupture elongation control component and is incompatible with the two components.

Abstract: A primary object of the invention is to provide a volume hologram transfer foil which has good foil cutting characteristics and is used to manufacture a volume hologram laminate by transferring a volume hologram layer to an adherend by thermocompression. The above problem is solved by a volume hologram transfer foil comprising a base material, a protective layer formed on the base material, a volume hologram layer formed on the protective layer and having a volume hologram recorded, and a heat seal layer formed on the volume hologram layer, wherein the protective layer contains a hard coat component formed of an ionizing radiation-curable resin, a rupture elongation control component which improves the rupture elongation of the protective layer, and a foil cutting characteristic control component which has a thermal expansion coefficient different from those of the hard coat component and rupture elongation control component and is incompatible with the two components.