Abstract: A method for producing a metal cylinder includes preparing a metal slug having a surface adjusted so that the crystal grain diameter at a depth of 10 ?m from the surface is smaller than that at a depth of 100 ?m from the surface, and the crystal grain diameter at a depth of 10 ?m from the surface is 30 ?m or more and 120 ?m or less; and forming a cylinder by impact pressing of the metal slug having the surface as a bottom.

Abstract: A method for producing a metal cylinder includes preparing a metal slug having a surface adjusted so that the crystal grain diameter at a depth of 10 ?m from the surface is smaller than that at a depth of 100 ?m from the surface, and the crystal grain diameter at a depth of 10 ?m from the surface is 30 ?m or more and 120 ?m or less; and forming a cylinder by impact pressing of the metal slug having the surface as a bottom.

Abstract: A method for producing a metal cylinder includes preparing a metal slug having a surface adjusted so that the crystal grain diameter at a depth of 10 ?m from the surface is smaller than that at a depth of 100 ?m from the surface, and the crystal grain diameter at a depth of 10 ?m from the surface is 30 ?m or more and 120 ?m or less; and forming a cylinder by impact pressing of the metal slug having the surface as a bottom.

Abstract: A method of preparing a cylindrical metal member includes preparing a metallic ingot having at least one surface having a mean width with respect to roughness Sm in a range of from 100 ?m to 220 ?m; imparting a lubricant to the at least one surface of the metallic ingot; and subjecting the metallic ingot to impact pressing while the surface coated with the lubricant with respect to the metallic ingot is set as a bottom surface, to thereby mold a cylindrical metal member.

Abstract: A metallic ingot for impact pressing includes a contact surface of the metallic ingot to contact a male mold in impact pressing having a maximum height roughness Rz of 20 ?m to 50 ?m and an average length of a roughness curve element RSm of 150 ?m to 400 ?m, the male mold being to be used in combination with a female mold in the impact pressing.

Abstract: A metallic ingot for impact pressing includes a contact surface of the metallic ingot to contact a male mold in impact pressing having a maximum height roughness Rz of 20 ?m to 50 ?m and an average length of a roughness curve element RSm of 150 ?m to 400 ?m, the male mold being to be used in combination with a female mold in the impact pressing.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive support in which (i) a recessed portion having an opening diameter of greater than 400 ?m and (ii) a recessed portion having an opening diameter of from 100 ?m to 400 ?m and a ratio of a depth to an opening diameter of greater than 0.12 are not present on an outer peripheral surface, wherein even in a case where a first recessed portion having an opening diameter of from 100 ?m to 400 ?m and a ratio of a depth to an opening diameter of 0.12 or less is present on the outer peripheral surface of the conductive support and a second recessed portion on which the first recessed portion is reflected is present on the outer peripheral surface of an outermost layer, a ratio of a depth to an opening diameter of the second recessed portion is not greater than 0.030.

Abstract: A conductive support is formed of a bottomless hollow cylindrical member being made of metal and having a thickness t of equal to or less than 0.5 mm, the conductive support including: a chamfer portion on an outer peripheral surface side of at least one end of the conductive support over an entire circumferential direction, wherein the chamfer portion has a chamfer angle a of equal to or greater than 10° and less than 30° with respect to the outer peripheral surface, and a chamfer width b equal to or greater than 0.05 mm in an end surface, and wherein an end surface width c is equal to or greater than 0.1 mm in the end surface including the chamfer portion.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate satisfying a condition (A); an undercoat layer satisfying conditions (B) and (C), disposed on the conductive substrate, and containing metal oxide particles; and a photosensitive layer disposed on the undercoat layer: condition (A): in the case where depressions existing in the surface of the conductive substrate are observed with a laser microscope, the width of the largest depression is 400 ?m or less, and the depth of the depression is 15 ?m or less; condition (B): in the case where the undercoat layer is subjected to a Cole-Cole plot analysis, an angular frequency ?max at which a complex impedance component is maximum is from 2.0 rad to 25.0 rad; and condition (C): volume resistivity obtained from the Cole-Cole plot analysis of the undercoat layer is from 7.0×107? to 1.0×109?.

Abstract: A metallic ingot for impact pressing includes a contact surface of the metallic ingot to contact a male mold in impact pressing having a maximum height roughness Rz of 20 ?m to 50 ?m and an average length of a roughness curve element RSm of 150 ?m to 400 ?m, the male mold being to be used in combination with a female mold in the impact pressing.

Abstract: A metallic ingot for impact pressing includes a contact surface of the metallic ingot to contact a male mold in impact pressing having a maximum height roughness Rz of 20 ?m to 50 ?m and an average length of a roughness curve element RSm of 150 ?m to 400 ?m, the male mold being to be used in combination with a female mold in the impact pressing.

Abstract: A conductive support is formed of a bottomless hollow cylindrical member being made of metal and having a thickness t of equal to or less than 0.5 mm, the conductive support including: a chamfer portion on an outer peripheral surface side of at least one end of the conductive support over an entire circumferential direction, wherein the chamfer portion has a chamfer angle a of equal to or greater than. 10° and less than 30? with respect to the outer peripheral surface, and a chamfer width b equal to or greater than 0.05 mm in an end surface, and wherein as end surface width c is equal to or greater than 0.1 mm in the end surface including the chamfer portion.

Abstract: A conductive support for an electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a cylindrical member containing aluminum, wherein the cylindrical member has an arithmetic mean roughness Ra of 1.3 ?m or less, a maximum height of roughness profile Rz of 5.0 ?m or less, and a mean width of roughness profile elements RSm in an axial direction of 80 ?m to 400 ?m.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate satisfying a condition (A); an undercoat layer satisfying conditions (B) and (C), disposed on the conductive substrate, and containing metal oxide particles; and a photosensitive layer disposed on the undercoat layer: condition (A): in the case where depressions existing in the surface of the conductive substrate are observed with a laser microscope, the width of the largest depression is 400 ?m or less, and the depth of the depression is 15 ?m or less; condition (B): in the case where the undercoat layer is subjected to a Cole-Cole plot analysis, an angular frequency ?max at which a complex impedance component is maximum is from 2.0 rad to 25.0 rad; and condition (C): volume resistivity obtained from the Cole-Cole plot analysis of the undercoat layer is from 7.0×107? to 1.0×109?.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive support in which (i) a recessed portion having an opening diameter of greater than 400 ?m and (ii) a recessed portion having an opening diameter of from 100 ?m to 400 ?m and a ratio of a depth to an opening diameter of greater than 0.12 are not present on an outer peripheral surface, wherein even in a case where a first recessed portion having an opening diameter of from 100 ?m to 400 ?m and a ratio of a depth to an opening diameter of 0.12 or less is present on the outer peripheral surface of the conductive support and a second recessed portion on which the first recessed portion is reflected is present on the outer peripheral surface of an outermost layer, a ratio of a depth to an opening diameter of the second recessed portion is not greater than 0.030.

Abstract: A conductive support for an electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a cylindrical member containing aluminum, wherein the cylindrical member has an arithmetic mean roughness Ra of 1.3 ?m or less, a maximum height of roughness profile Rz of 5.0 ?m or less, and a mean width of roughness profile elements RSm in an axial direction of 80 ?m to 400 ?m.

Abstract: A method of preparing a cylindrical metal member includes preparing a metallic ingot having at least one surface having a mean width with respect to ruggedness Sm in a range of from 100 ?m to 220 ?m; imparting a lubricant to the at least one surface of the metallic ingot; and subjecting the metallic ingot to impact pressing while the surface coated with the lubricant with respect to the metallic ingot is set as a bottom surface, to thereby mold a cylindrical metal member.

Abstract: A method for producing a metal cylinder includes preparing a metal slug having a surface adjusted so that the crystal grain diameter at a depth of 10 ?m from the surface is smaller than that at a depth of 100 ?m from the surface, and the crystal grain diameter at a depth of 10 ?m from the surface is 30 ?m or more and 120 ?m or less; and forming a cylinder by impact pressing of the metal slug having the surface as a bottom.

Abstract: Provided is an electron transport material represented by formula (1): wherein X represents an oxygen atom or ?C(CN)2; R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, and R7 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a linear or branched alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryl group, or an aralkyl group; R8, R9, and R10 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a linear or branched alkyl group, an aralkyl group, an aryl group, —R11—O—R12, or —R13—CO—O—R14; R11 represents a linear or branched alkylene group; R12 represents a linear or branched alkyl group; R13 represents a single bond or a linear or branched alkylene group; and R14 represents a linear or branched alkyl group, an aryl group, or an aralkyl group, provided that at least two or more groups of R8, R9, and R10 represent a group other than a hydrogen atom.

Abstract: Provided is an electron transport material represented by formula (1): wherein X represents an oxygen atom or ?C(CN)2; R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, and R7 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a linear or branched alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryl group, or an aralkyl group; R8, R9, and R10 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a linear or branched alkyl group, an aralkyl group, an aryl group, —R11—O—R12, or —R13—CO—O—R14; R11 represents a linear or branched alkylene group; R12 represents a linear or branched alkyl group; R13 represents a single bond or a linear or branched alkylene group; and R14 represents a linear or branched alkyl group, an aryl group, or an aralkyl group, provided that at least two or more groups of R8, R9, and R10 represent a group other than a hydrogen atom.