Abstract: A light emitting device includes a wiring substrate, a light emitting element array that includes a first side surface and a second side surface facing each other, and a third side surface and a fourth side surface connecting the first side surface and the second side surface to each other and facing each other, the light emitting element array being provided on the wiring substrate, a driving element that is provided on the wiring substrate on the first side surface side and drives the light emitting element array, a first circuit element and a second circuit element that are provided on the wiring substrate on the second side surface side to be arranged in a direction along the second side surface, and a wiring member that is provided on the third side surface side and the fourth side surface side and extends from a top electrode of the light emitting element array toward an outside of the light emitting element array.

Abstract: A composition for a heat cycle system and a heat cycle system employing the composition are provided. The composition has favorable lubricating properties and contains a working fluid for heat cycle and a refrigerant oil. The working fluid has a low global warming potential and can replace R410A. The working fluid contains an unsaturated fluorinated hydrocarbon compound having a specific structure. The refrigerant oil has a breakdown voltage of at least 25 kV, a hydroxyl value of at most 0.1 mgKOH/g, and a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. of from 5 to 200 mm2/s and a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of from 2 to 30 mm2/s.

Abstract: A working fluid for heat cycle, wherein the global warming potential is less than 300; the product of the relative coefficient of performance and the relative refrigerating capacity is at least 0.820 relative to R410A in a standard refrigerating cycle under conditions of an evaporation temperature of 0° C., a condensing temperature of 40° C., a supercoiling degree of 5° C. and a degree of superheat of 5° C.; the relative compressor discharge gas pressure is at most 1.100; the lower limit of the combustion range by method A in High Pressure Gas Safety Act is at least 5 vol %; and the pressure will not exceed 2.00 MPaG in a combustion test by method A in High Pressure Gas Safety act under 0.98 MPaG at 250° C.

Abstract: A composition for a heat cycle system and a heat cycle system employing the composition are provided. The composition has favorable lubricating properties and contains a working fluid for heat cycle and a refrigerant oil. The working fluid has a low global warming potential and can replace R410A. The working fluid contains an unsaturated fluorinated hydrocarbon compound having a specific structure. The refrigerant oil has a breakdown voltage of at least 25 kV, a hydroxyl value of at most 0.1 mgKOH/g, and a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. of from 5 to 200 mm2/s and a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of from 2 to 30 mm2/s.

Abstract: A composition for a heat cycle system and a heat cycle system employing the composition are provided. The composition has favorable lubricating properties and contains a working fluid for heat cycle and a refrigerant oil. The working fluid has a low global warming potential and can replace R410A. The working fluid contains an unsaturated fluorinated hydrocarbon compound having a specific structure. The refrigerant oil has a breakdown voltage of at least 25 kV, a hydroxyl value of at most 0.1 mgKOH/g, and a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. of from 5 to 200 mm2/s and a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of from 2 to 30 mm2/s.

Abstract: A composition for a heat cycle system and a heat cycle system employing the composition are provided. The composition has favorable lubricating properties and contains a working fluid for heat cycle and a refrigerant oil. The working fluid contains an unsaturated fluorinated hydrocarbon compound having a specific structure. The working fluid has a low global warming potential and can replace R410A. The refrigerant oil has a breakdown voltage of at least 25 kV, a hydroxyl value of at most 0.1 mgKOH/g, and an aniline point of at least ?100° C. and at most 0° C.

Abstract: A working fluid for heat cycle, wherein the global warming potential is less than 300; the product of the relative coefficient of performance and the relative refrigerating capacity is at least 0.820 relative to R410A in a standard refrigerating cycle under conditions of an evaporation temperature of 0° C., a condensing temperature of 40° C., a supercoiling degree of 5° C. and a degree of superheat of 5° C.; the relative compressor discharge gas pressure is at most 1.100; the lower limit of the combustion range by method A in High Pressure Gas Safety Act is at least 5 vol %; and the pressure will not exceed 2.00 MPaG in a combustion test by method A in High Pressure Gas Safety act under 0.98 MPaG at 250° C.

Abstract: To provide a working fluid which has cycle performance sufficient as an alternative to R410A while the influence over global warming is sufficiently suppressed, which does not significantly increase the load to an apparatus as compared with a case where R410A is used, and which can be stably used continuously without any special measures, a composition for a heat cycle system contains the working fluid, and a heat cycle system employs the composition. A working fluid for heat cycle, wherein the global warming potential is less than 300; the product of the relative coefficient of performance and the relative refrigerating capacity is at least 0.820 relative to R410A in a standard refrigerating cycle under conditions of an evaporation temperature of 0° C., a condensing temperature of 40° C., a supercoiling degree of 5° C. and a degree of superheat of 5° C.; the relative compressor discharge gas pressure is at most 1.

Abstract: To provide a composition for a heat cycle system having favorable lubricating properties and comprising a working fluid for heat cycle which has a low global warming potential and which can replace R410A, and a heat cycle system employing the composition. A composition for a heat cycle system, which comprises a working fluid for heat cycle containing an unsaturated fluorinated hydrocarbon compound having a specific structure, and a refrigerant oil having a breakdown voltage of at least 25 kV, a hydroxy value of at most 0.1 mgKOH/g, and a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. of from 5 to 200 mm2/s and a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of from 2 to 30 mm2/s, and a heat cycle system employing the composition for a heat cycle system.

Abstract: A composition for a heat cycle system and a heat cycle system employing the composition are provided. The composition has favorable lubricating properties and contains a working fluid for heat cycle and a refrigerant oil. The working fluid contains an unsaturated fluorinated hydrocarbon compound having a specific structure. The working fluid has a low global warming potential and can replace R410A. The refrigerant oil has a breakdown voltage of at least 25 kV, a hydroxyl value of at most 0.1 mgKOH/g, and an aniline point of at least ?100° C. and at most 0° C.

Abstract: A composition for a heat cycle system and a heat cycle system employing the composition are provided. The composition has favorable lubricating properties and contains a working fluid for heat cycle and a refrigerant oil. The working fluid has a low global warming potential and can replace R410A. The working fluid contains an unsaturated fluorinated hydrocarbon compound having a specific structure. The refrigerant oil has a breakdown voltage of at least 25 kV, a hydroxyl value of at most 0.1 mgKOH/g, and a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. of from 5 to 200 mm2/s and a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of from 2 to 30 mm2/s.

Abstract: A composition for a heat cycle system and a heat cycle system employing the composition are provided. The composition has favorable lubricating properties and contains a working fluid for heat cycle and a refrigerant oil. The working fluid contains an unsaturated fluorinated hydrocarbon compound having a specific structure. The working fluid has a low global warming potential and can replace R410A. The refrigerant oil has a breakdown voltage of at least 25 kV, a hydroxyl value of at most 0.1 mgKOH/g, and an aniline point of at least ?100° C. and at most 0° C.

Abstract: A composition for a heat cycle system having favorable lubricating properties is provided. A heat cycle system employing the composition is also provided. The composition contains a working fluid for heat cycle, which has a low global warming potential and can replace R410A. The working fluid contains an unsaturated fluorinated hydrocarbon compound having a specific structure and a refrigerant oil having a breakdown voltage of at least 25 kV, a hydroxy value of at most 0.1 mgKOH/g, and a minimum temperature on the high temperature side of the phase separation temperature from the working fluid of at least 35° C. and a maximum temperature on the low temperature side of at most ?60° C.

Abstract: To provide a fluorinated ether compound, a fluorinated ether composition and a coating liquid, whereby it is possible to form a surface-treated layer which has high initial water/oil repellency and which is excellent in abrasion resistance and fingerprint stain removability, and a substrate having a surface-treated layer and a method for its production. A fluorinated ether compound which has a poly(oxyperfluoroalkylene) chain (??) having a C4 oxyperfluoroalkylene unit (?) and an oxyperfluoroalkylene unit (?) other than the unit (?) and which has a hydrolysable silyl group on at least one terminal of the poly(oxyperfluoroalkylene) chain (??) via a linking group.

Abstract: To provide a composition for a heat cycle system having favorable lubricating properties and comprising a working fluid for heat cycle which has a low global warming potential and which can replace R410A, and a heat cycle system employing the composition. A composition for a heat cycle system, which comprises a working fluid for heat cycle containing an unsaturated fluorinated hydrocarbon compound having a specific structure, and a refrigerant oil having a breakdown voltage of at least 25 kV, a hydroxy value of at most 0.1 mgKOH/g, and a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. of from 5 to 200 mm2/s and a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of from 2 to 30 mm2/s, and a heat cycle system employing the composition for a heat cycle system.

Abstract: To provide a composition for a heat cycle system having favorable lubricating properties and comprising a working fluid for heat cycle which has a low global warming potential and which can replace R410A, and a heat cycle system employing the composition. A composition for a heat cycle system, which comprises a working fluid for heat cycle containing an unsaturated fluorinated hydrocarbon compound having a specific structure, and a refrigerant oil having a breakdown voltage of at least 25 kV, a hydroxy value of at most 0.1 mgKOH/g, and an aniline point of at least ?100° C. and at most 0° C., and a heat cycle system employing the composition for a heat cycle system.

Abstract: To provide a composition for a heat cycle system having favorable lubricating properties and comprising a working fluid for heat cycle which has a low global warming potential and which can replace R410A, and a heat cycle system employing the composition. A composition for a heat cycle system comprising a working fluid for heat cycle containing an unsaturated fluorinated hydrocarbon compound having a specific structure, and a refrigerant oil having a breakdown voltage of at least 25 kV, having a hydroxy value of at most 0.1 mgKOH/g, and having a minimum temperature on the high temperature side of the phase separation temperature from the working fluid for heat cycle of at least 35° C. and a maximum temperature on the low temperature side of at most ?60° C., and a heat cycle system employing the composition for a heat cycle system.

Abstract: To provide a working fluid which has cycle performance sufficient as an alternative to R410A while the influence over global warming is sufficiently suppressed, which does not significantly increase the load to an apparatus as compared with a case where R410A is used, and which can be stably used continuously without any special measures, a composition for a heat cycle system comprising the working fluid, and a heat cycle system employing the composition. A working fluid for heat cycle, wherein the global warming potential is less than 300; the product of the relative coefficient of performance and the relative refrigerating capacity is at least 0.820 relative to R410A in a standard refrigerating cycle under conditions of an evaporation temperature of 0° C., a condensing temperature of 40° C., a supercoiling degree of 5° C. and a degree of superheat of 5° C.; the relative compressor discharge gas pressure is at most 1.

Abstract: To provide a fluorinated ether compound, a fluorinated ether composition and a coating liquid, whereby it is possible to form a surface-treated layer which has high initial water/oil repellency and which is excellent in abrasion resistance and fingerprint stain removability, and a substrate having a surface-treated layer and a method for its production. A fluorinated ether compound which has a poly(oxyperfluoroalkylene) chain (??) having a C4 oxyperfluoroalkylene unit (?) and an oxyperfluoroalkylene unit (?) other than the unit (?) and which has a hydrolysable silyl group on at least one terminal of the poly(oxyperfluoroalkylene) chain (??) via a linking group.

Abstract: To provide a method for producing a perfluoro compound having hydroxyl groups, whereby agglomeration of a reduction reaction intermediate tends not to occur during a reduction reaction, and a perfluoro compound having —C(?O)OH can be used as a starting material. Reducing (A-C(?O)=Q=)nRfn in the presence of a metal hydride and an inorganic salt of lithium in an alcohol solvent to obtain (B—CH(OH)-Q-)n-m(A-C(?O)-Q-)mRfn, wherein A is a hydroxyl group, a C1-5 alkoxy group, a hydrogen atom, a C1-5 alkyl group or the like, Q is a perfluoroalkylene group or the like, n is an integer of at least 1, m is an integer at least 0 and less than n, Rfn is an n valent perfluoro saturated hydrocarbon group or the like, and B is a group depending on A wherein when A is a hydroxyl group, a C1-5 alkoxy group or the like, B is a hydrogen atom, and when A is a hydrogen atom, a C1-5 alkyl group or the like, B is the same group as A.