Abstract: An electrical-optical modulator may include a first section configured for a first electrical-optical interaction between one or more optical waveguides and one or more signal electrodes. The electrical-optical modulator may include a second section configured to increase or decrease a relative velocity of signals of the one or more signal electrodes to optical signals of the one or more optical waveguides relative to the first section. The electrical-optical modulator may include a third section configured for a second electrical-optical interaction between the one or more optical waveguides and the one or more signal electrodes according to an opposite modulation polarity relative to the first section.

Abstract: An electrical-optical modulator may include one or more optical waveguides to propagate one or more optical signals in a direction of propagation. An optical waveguide of the one or more optical waveguides may include a time delay section, a first modulation section preceding the time delay section in the direction of propagation, and a second modulation section following the time delay section in the direction of propagation. The first modulation section and the second modulation section may be configured to be associated with opposite modulation polarities, and the time delay section may be configured to delay a phase of the one more optical signals relative to the first modulation section. The electrical-optical modulator may include one or more signal electrodes to propagate one or more signals in the direction of propagation in order to modulate the one or more optical signals through electrical-optical interaction.

Abstract: An electrical-optical modulator may include one or more optical waveguides to propagate one or more optical signals in a direction of propagation. An optical waveguide of the one or more optical waveguides may include a time delay section, a first modulation section preceding the time delay section in the direction of propagation, and a second modulation section following the time delay section in the direction of propagation. The first modulation section and the second modulation section may be configured to be associated with opposite modulation polarities, and the time delay section may be configured to delay a phase of the one more optical signals relative to the first modulation section. The electrical-optical modulator may include one or more signal electrodes to propagate one or more signals in the direction of propagation in order to modulate the one or more optical signals through electrical-optical interaction.

Abstract: An electrical-optical modulator may include a first section configured for a first electrical-optical interaction between one or more optical waveguides and one or more signal electrodes. The electrical-optical modulator may include a second section configured to increase or decrease a relative velocity of signals of the one or more signal electrodes to optical signals of the one or more optical waveguides relative to the first section. The electrical-optical modulator may include a third section configured for a second electrical-optical interaction between the one or more optical waveguides and the one or more signal electrodes according to an opposite modulation polarity relative to the first section.

Abstract: An optical modulator may include at least one ground electrode. The optical modulator may include at least one signal electrode parallel to the at least one ground electrode. The optical modulator may include at least one waveguide parallel to the at least one ground electrode and the at least one signal electrode. The optical modulator may include a first substrate disposed underneath the at least one ground electrode and the at least one signal electrode relative to a surface of the optical modulator. The optical modulator may include a second substrate disposed underneath at least a portion of the first substrate relative to the surface of the optical modulator. The optical modulator may include a floating conductor disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate.

Abstract: A device may include a substrate. The device may include an optical waveguide formed in or on the substrate. The device may include a signal electrode extending along a longitudinal axis. The signal electrode may include a first portion with a proximal end that is proximal to the optical waveguide, to induce a signal from the signal electrode to the optical waveguide. The signal electrode may include a second portion, at least partially attached to or continuous with a distal end of the first portion. The device may include one or more ground electrodes that form an enclosure. The enclosure may enclose the signal electrode with regard to a side of the substrate in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.

Abstract: An optical modulator may include at least one ground electrode. The optical modulator may include at least one signal electrode parallel to the at least one ground electrode. The optical modulator may include at least one waveguide parallel to the at least one ground electrode and the at least one signal electrode. The optical modulator may include a first substrate disposed underneath the at least one ground electrode and the at least one signal electrode relative to a surface of the optical modulator. The optical modulator may include a second substrate disposed underneath at least a portion of the first substrate relative to the surface of the optical modulator. The optical modulator may include a floating conductor disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate.

Abstract: A device may include a substrate. The device may include an optical waveguide formed in or on the substrate. The device may include a signal electrode extending along a longitudinal axis. The signal electrode may include a first portion with a proximal end that is proximal to the optical waveguide, to induce a signal from the signal electrode to the optical waveguide. The signal electrode may include a second portion, at least partially attached to or continuous with a distal end of the first portion. The device may include one or more ground electrodes that form an enclosure. The enclosure may enclose the signal electrode with regard to a side of the substrate in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.

Abstract: This invention provides a way to deal with acetic acid derived from biomass, for fermentation of cellulosic sugars. In some variations, a process for producing ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass comprises: extracting hemicelluloses and acetic acid from lignocellulosic biomass; hydrolyzing the hemicelluloses, using an acid catalyst or enzymes, to generate hemicellulose monomers and more acetic acid; fermenting acetic acid to lipids using a suitable lipid-producing microorganism, thereby reducing acetic acid concentration; fermenting hemicellulose monomers to ethanol using a suitable ethanol-producing microorganism; and recovering the ethanol. The co-fermentation of acetic acid and sugars may be carried out in a single fermentor or in separate fermentors. The invention may be applied to fermentation products other than ethanol. In some embodiments, the fermentation product can act as an extraction solvent to extract lipids from the lipid-producing microorganism, such as a lipid-producing yeast.

Abstract: Methods for producing a biofuel are provided. Also provided are biocatalysts that convert a feedstock to a biofuel.

Abstract: This invention is directed to methods for recovery of C3-C6 alcohols from dilute aqueous solutions, such as fermentation broths. Such methods provide improved volumetric productivity for the fermentation and allows recovery of the alcohol. Such methods also allow for reduced energy use in the production and drying of spent fermentation broth due to increased effective concentration of the alcohol product by the simultaneous fermentation and recovery process which increases the quantity of alcohol produced and recovered per quantity of fermentation broth dried. Thus, the invention allows for production and recovery of C3-C6 alcohols at low capital and reduced operating costs.

Abstract: Methods for producing a biofuel are provided. Also provided are biocatalysts that convert a feedstock to a biofuel.

Abstract: This invention is directed to methods for recovery of C3-C6 alcohols from dilute aqueous solutions, such as fermentation broths. Such methods provide improved volumetric productivity for the fermentation and allows recovery of the alcohol. Such methods also allow for reduced energy use in the production and drying of spent fermentation broth due to increased effective concentration of the alcohol product by the simultaneous fermentation and recovery process which increases the quantity of alcohol produced and recovered per quantity of fermentation broth dried. Thus, the invention allows for production and recovery of C3-C6 alcohols at low capital and reduced operating costs.

Abstract: Methods for producing a biofuel are provided. Also provided are biocatalysts that convert a feedstock to a biofuel.

Abstract: This invention is directed to methods for recovery of C3-C6 alcohols from dilute aqueous solutions, such as fermentation broths. Such methods provide improved volumetric productivity for the fermentation and allows recovery of the alcohol. Such methods also allow for reduced energy use in the production and drying of spent fermentation broth due to increased effective concentration of the alcohol product by the simultaneous fermentation and recovery process which increases the quantity of alcohol produced and recovered per quantity of fermentation broth dried. Thus, the invention allows for production and recovery of C3-C6 alcohols at low capital and reduced operating costs.

Abstract: Methods for producing a biofuel are provided. Also provided are biocatalysts that convert a feedstock to a biofuel.

Abstract: This invention is directed to methods for recovery of C3-C6 alcohols from dilute aqueous solutions, such as fermentation broths. Such methods provide improved volumetric productivity for the fermentation and allows recovery of the alcohol. Such methods also allow for reduced energy use in the production and drying of spent fermentation broth due to increased effective concentration of the alcohol product by the simultaneous fermentation and recovery process which increases the quantity of alcohol produced and recovered per quantity of fermentation broth dried. Thus, the invention allows for production and recovery of C3-C6 alcohols at low capital and reduced operating costs.

Abstract: This invention is directed to methods for recovery of C3-C6 alcohols from dilute aqueous solutions, such as fermentation broths. Such methods provide improved volumetric productivity for the fermentation and allows recovery of the alcohol. Such methods also allow for reduced energy use in the production and drying of spent fermentation broth due to increased effective concentration of the alcohol product by the simultaneous fermentation and recovery process which increases the quantity of alcohol produced and recovered per quantity of fermentation broth dried. Thus, the invention allows for production and recovery of C3-C6 alcohols at low capital and reduced operating costs.

Abstract: This invention is directed to methods for recovery of C3-C6 alcohols from dilute aqueous solutions, such as fermentation broths. Such methods provide improved volumetric productivity for the fermentation and allows recovery of the alcohol. Such methods also allow for reduced energy use in the production and drying of spent fermentation broth due to increased effective concentration of the alcohol product by the simultaneous fermentation and recovery process which increases the quantity of alcohol produced and recovered per quantity of fermentation broth dried. Thus, the invention allows for production and recovery of C3-C6 alcohols at low capital and reduced operating costs.

Abstract: This invention is directed to methods for recovery of C3-C6 alcohols from dilute aqueous solutions, such as fermentation broths. Such methods provide improved volumetric productivity for the fermentation and allows recovery of the alcohol. Such methods also allow for reduced energy use in the production and drying of spent fermentation broth due to increased effective concentration of the alcohol product by the simultaneous fermentation and recovery process which increases the quantity of alcohol produced and recovered per quantity of fermentation broth dried. Thus, the invention allows for production and recovery of C3-C6 alcohols at low capital and reduced operating costs.