Abstract: A composition including a perfluoropolyether compound, and an organic solvent configured to dissolve or disperse the perfluoropolyether compound, wherein the perfluoropolyether compound includes a first end and a second end facing each other and a perfluoropolyether moiety disposed between the first end and the second end, wherein the first end includes an organic group having 6 or more carbon atoms, and wherein the second end includes a hydrolysable silicon-containing residual group.

Abstract: A window for a display device includes a substrate and a functional layer applied on the substrate, wherein the window has surface irregularities, and the surface irregularities are associated with a depth histogram that has a positive skewness and a positive kurtosis. A method of manufacturing the same and a display device including the window are disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed are a stacked structure includes a substrate and a silsesquioxane cured layer disposed on the substrate. The silsesquioxane cured layer may include a plurality of areas having different refractive indexes in a thickness direction. The plurality of areas may include a first area and a second area. The first area may be disposed on a surface of the substrate and the second area may be disposed on the first area. A refractive index of the second area may be higher than a refractive index of the first area. A display device may include the stacked structure.

Abstract: A composition including a perfluoropolyether compound, and an organic solvent configured to dissolve or disperse the perfluoropolyether compound, wherein the perfluoropolyether compound includes a first end and a second end facing each other and a perfluoropolyether moiety disposed between the first end and the second end, wherein the first end includes an organic group having 6 or more carbon atoms, and wherein the second end includes a hydrolysable silicon-containing residual group.

Abstract: A humidifier including a spray unit configured to apply electric charge to water, and to spray water having electric charge applied thereto, an evaporation unit formed with a duct in which evaporation of the electrically-charged water being sprayed is taken place, and configured to guide a vapor and a foreign substance, which are separated from each other through the evaporation, to an outside, and a dust collection unit configured to collect the foreign substance at an inside the duct by forming an electric field, the humidifier capable of performing a large-capacity humidification by the generation of the electrically charged droplets, and capable of removing the foreign substance included in the droplets by using the electrical force, thereby enhancing the cleanliness of the humidification, and by using an electric field, accelerating the evaporation so that the size of the duct is minimized, and thus manufacturing the humidifier in a compact size.

Abstract: An electric precipitator to collect contaminants, such as dust, using electrical attraction. The electric precipitator includes high-voltage electrode plates and low-voltage electrode plates alternately stacked to form an electrification region and a collection region in an air flow direction, wherein each of the high-voltage electrode plates includes a discharge electrode to generate discharge between the discharge electrode and an opposite electrode so that contaminants are electrified in the electrification region and a collection electrode disposed over the electrification region and the collection region to collect the electrified contaminants in the collection region.

Abstract: A method of and apparatus for recording data on an optical recording medium form a mark or a space by using a recording waveform having an erase pattern containing a multi-pulse. The method and the apparatus prevent distortion of the mark or the space and improve a mark shape such that a recording/reproducing characteristic of the optical recording medium is improved.

Abstract: An optical recording medium is provided, the optical recording medium including a plurality of zones configured to store data corresponding to an adaptive write pulse, the adaptive write pulse including a first pulse, a last pulse, and a multi-pulse train, the adaptive write pulse being different for each of the plurality of zones, the plurality of zones being reflected by a grouping table, the grouping table being configured to generate an adaptive write pulse waveform by varying a position of a rising edge of a first pulse of a mark to be written according to a length of the mark to be written and a leading space, the adaptive write pulse waveform being generated without regard for a trailing space of a present mark being written using the adaptive write pulse waveform, the adaptive write pulse being configured to correspond to the adaptive write pulse waveform, and store rising edge data of the first pulse of the adaptive write pulse waveform varying according to corresponding stored values of lengths of m

Abstract: An apparatus configured to write input data on an optical recording medium using a write pulse waveform including a first pulse, a last pulse and a multi-pulse train is provided.

Abstract: An optical recording medium is provided, the optical recording medium including a plurality of zones respectively corresponding to width data of first and/or last pulses of an adaptive write pulse waveform stored in a grouping table, the grouping table being configured to group a magnitude of a present mark of input data and magnitudes of leading and/or trailing spaces of the present mark into a short pulse group, a middle pulse group, and a long pulse group using grouping pointers, store data configured to calculate a width of a write pulse, an adaptive write pulse being generated in response to the calculated width, generate the adaptive write pulse waveform by varying a position of a rising edge of a first pulse of a mark to be written according to the magnitudes of the present mark and the leading space, the adaptive write pulse waveform being generated without regard for the trailing space of the present mark being written using the adaptive write pulse waveform, the adaptive write pulse being configured

Abstract: An apparatus configured to write input data on an optical recording medium using a write pulse waveform, the write pulse waveform including a first pulse, a last pulse and a multi-pulse train, is provided.

Abstract: An information storage medium includes an area in which updated disc-related information and recording-related information updated with a change in at least one of a disc version number and a recording speed is recorded along with existing disc-related information and recording-related information. The existing disc-related information and recording-related information are recorded, and the updated disc-related information and recording-related information is recorded in an area in which the existing disc-related information and recording-related information is recorded. Accordingly, data can be recorded/reproduced on/from a new version of information storage medium even using an existing drive.

Abstract: A microorganism detection apparatus including a light source unit to irradiate light, a mirror chamber including a light inlet port and a light outlet port, through which the light is introduced and discharged, respectively an inlet port and an outlet port, through which particles are introduced and discharged, respectively, so that light emitted from the particles (emitted particle light) is generated by the light, and an opening, through which the emitted particle light is discharged outside. The mirror chamber has an oval longitudinal section, and is provided at an inside thereof with a mirror. A condensing optical system is disposed in front of the opening outside the opening to condense the emitted particle light discharged through the opening. Condensing efficiency of the fluorescent light condensing optical system is maximized.

Abstract: A microparticle detection apparatus is provided. The microparticle detection apparatus includes a light emitting optical element, a converging optical system disposed in an advancing direction of light emitted from the optical element to converge the light, a particle path located in an advancing direction of the light having passed through the converging optical system so that the particle path intersects the light, a beam blocking unit to block direct light having passed through the particle path, a condensing lens disposed at the rear of the beam blocking unit, and a detector disposed at the rear of the condensing lens to detect light scattered by particles. A focal point of light formed by the optical element and the converging optical system may be located at the rear of the particle path. A focal point of light irradiated to the particles may be different from the introduction position of the particles.

Abstract: An optical disc includes tracking polarity information. The optical disc includes a clamping area, a lead-in area, a data area, and burst cutting area (BCA). The BCA is present between the clamping area and the lead-in area and in which information regarding the optical disc is recorded, and the information is read before performing tracking in the data area.

Abstract: An apparatus configured to write input data on an optical recording medium using a write pulse waveform, the write pulse waveform including a first pulse, a last pulse and a multi-pulse train, is provided.

Abstract: An optical recording medium is provided, the optical recording medium including a plurality of zones respectively corresponding to width data of first and/or last pulses of an adaptive write pulse waveform stored in a grouping table, the grouping table being configured to group a magnitude of a present mark of input data and magnitudes of leading and/or trailing spaces of the present mark into a short pulse group, a middle pulse group, and a long pulse group using grouping pointers, store data configured to calculate a width of a write pulse, an adaptive write pulse being generated in response to the calculated width, generate the adaptive write pulse waveform by varying a position of a rising edge of a first pulse of a mark to be written according to the magnitudes of the present mark and the leading space, the adaptive write pulse waveform being generated without regard for the trailing space of the present mark being written using the adaptive write pulse waveform, the adaptive write pulse being configured

Abstract: An optical recording medium is provided, the optical recording medium including a plurality of zones configured to store data corresponding to an adaptive write pulse, the adaptive write pulse including a first pulse, a last pulse, and a multi-pulse train, the adaptive write pulse being different for each of the plurality of zones, the plurality of zones being reflected by a grouping table, the grouping table being configured to generate an adaptive write pulse waveform by varying a position of a rising edge of a first pulse of a mark to be written according to a length of the mark to be written and a leading space, the adaptive write pulse waveform being generated without regard for a trailing space of a present mark being written using the adaptive write pulse waveform, the adaptive write pulse being configured to correspond to the adaptive write pulse waveform, and store rising edge data of the first pulse of the adaptive write pulse waveform varying according to corresponding stored values of lengths of m

Abstract: An optical recording medium has a user data area and a lead-out area, wherein the user data area and the lead-out area each has grooves and lands formed thereon. Wobbles are formed on at least one lateral surface of grooves of the user data area and the lead-out area, and configured such that wobble characteristics are made different between the user data area and the lead-out area. Different types of wobbles are formed on the grooves of either the user data area or the lead-out area, thereby preventing an optical pickup that performs recording/reproduction from deviating from the user data area. Also, in a multi-layer optical recording medium, a whole area of a recording layer is configured to have a same condition, thereby preventing deterioration in reproduction and/or recording due to a difference in light power transmittance of another recording layer.

Abstract: An optical disc includes a plurality of recording layers, each layer having a lead-in area, a data area, and a lead-out area. A dedicated-reproducing area having a disc-related information zone, and a rewritable area are provided in at least one of the lead-in and lead-out areas of the optical disc. Accordingly, a reliability of a data recording/reproducing with respect to the optical disc is improved.