Abstract: Novel insulin compounds having a desirably protracted insulin action and/or antigenicity are provided.The novel insulin compounds are represented by the formula II: ##STR1## wherein E individually represents Glu or a neutral amino acid residue which can be coded for by nucleotide sequences, N represents an amino acid residue which can be coded for by nucleotide sequences,T represents Thr or Arg,X represents Thr, Ser, Ala or OH, andY represents OR or NR.sup.1 R.sup.2, where R, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 individually represents hydrogen or lower alkyl, but is not present when X represents OH.

Abstract: Insulin derivatives in which from two to four amino acid residues of positions, A4, A17, B13 and B21 comprise an uncharged side chain and pharmaceutical preparations containing these insulin derivatives. The disclosed insulin derivatives and preparations possess protracted insulin activity. The protracted insulin activity is relatively insensitive to tryptic activity.

Abstract: Novel human insulin analogs exhibiting high biological activity and in which the amino acid residue Phe.sup.B25 is substituted by His or Tyr and moreover substitutions may optionally be present in one or more of the positions A4, A8, A17, A21, B9, B10, B12, B13, B21, B26, B27, B28, and B30, as well as the amino acid residue in the B30 position may further be totally missing or may be blocked at the C-terminal in the form of ester or amide.

Abstract: Insulin preparations for non-parenteral administration and containing one or more insulins or insuling derivatives, which in solution in the physiological pH range predominantly are present as monomers, usual additives and possibly a conventional insulin and possibly one or more adsorption promoting substances provide a fast absorption of the insulin activity administered.

Abstract: Insulin derivatives in which one or more of the four amino acid residues of positions A4, A17, B13 and B21 comprise an uncharged side chain and pharmaceutical preparations containing these insulin derivatives.