Abstract: A cooling structure includes a heat dissipation structure having a heat generator and a heatsink that is adhered through an insulating adhesive layer to at least a surface of the heat generator that faces a cooling fluid and made of a metal foil having the flexibility. A fluid flow path is disposed outside of the heat dissipation structure so that the cooling fluid flowing inside thereof and the heatsink may directly come into contact. Further, a fine recess is disposed on a surface of the heatsink that directly comes into contact with the cooling fluid.

Abstract: A cooling structure includes a heat dissipation structure having a heat generator and a heatsink that is adhered through an insulating adhesive layer to at least a surface of the heat generator that faces a cooling fluid and made of a metal foil having the flexibility; and a fluid flow path that is disposed outside of the heat dissipation structure so that the cooling fluid flowing inside thereof and the heatsink may directly come into contact. Furthermore, on a surface of the heatsink that directly comes into contact with the cooling fluid, a fine recess is disposed.

Abstract: A cooling apparatus with high strength and good heat radiation characteristics. In the cooling apparatus, a heat exchanger is joined to an evaporator disposed on the lower side in a face to face manner; a containing unit of the heat exchanger includes a heat exchanger high temperature liquid outlet, and a two-phase fluid inlet in a joint portion with the evaporator; an outlet header of the heat exchanger includes an intermediate liquid outlet at a joint portion with the evaporator; and the evaporator includes a two-phase fluid outlet in the joint portion with the heat exchanger in opposition to the two-phase fluid inlet of the containing unit, and including an intermediate liquid inlet at the joint portion with the heat exchanger in opposition to the intermediate liquid outlet of the outlet header.

Abstract: A cooling apparatus with high strength and good heat radiation characteristics. In the cooling apparatus, a heat exchanger is joined to an evaporator disposed on the lower side in a face to face manner; a containing unit of the heat exchanger includes a heat exchanger high temperature liquid outlet, and a two-phase fluid inlet in a joint portion with the evaporator; an outlet header of the heat exchanger includes an intermediate liquid outlet at a joint portion with the evaporator; and the evaporator includes a two-phase fluid outlet in the joint portion with the heat exchanger in opposition to the two-phase fluid inlet of the containing unit, and including an intermediate liquid inlet at the joint portion with the heat exchanger in opposition to the intermediate liquid outlet of the outlet header.

Abstract: A cooling structure includes a heat dissipation structure 20 having a heat generator 8 and a heatsink 7 that is adhered through an insulating adhesive layer 6 to at least a surface of the heat generator 8 that faces a cooling fluid 9 and made of a metal foil having the flexibility; and a fluid flow path 5 that is disposed outside of the heat dissipation structure 20 so that the cooling fluid 9 flowing inside thereof and the heatsink 7 may directly come into contact. Furthermore, on a surface of the heatsink that directly comes into contact with the cooling fluid 9, a fine recess 15 is disposed.

Abstract: A charged-particle distribution measuring apparatus includes a particle passing member having a plurality of through-holes through which portions of a beam of charged particles can pass, a particle trapping member for trapping charged particles that have passed through the through-holes, a recoil particle trapping member disposed between the particle passing member and the particle trapping member, and a mechanism for moving the members to measure the spatial distribution of the charged particle beam. Preferably, the through-holes in the particle passing member are uniformly distributed in a checkerboard pattern. The movement of the members permits measurement of the currents produced by the charged particle beam at various intervals between the locations of the through-holes at the beginning of the measurement. The measurement of the charged particle beam intensity at positions across through the beam, rather than at fixed locations within the beam, improves the resolution of the measured distribution.