Abstract: A toner for developing electrostatic images includes a binder, a colorant, iron, silicon, and sulfur. The colorant includes a phosphor and a non-fluorescent colorant. The phosphor includes either one or both of a nitride and an oxynitride each including an alkaline-earth metal, silicon, and an activator element. A volume average particle diameter of the phosphor is greater than or equal to about 50 nm and less than or equal to about 400 nm. An internal quantum efficiency of the phosphor at an excitation wavelength of 450 nm is greater than or equal to about 60%.

Abstract: A phosphor includes a nitride including an alkaline-earth metal element, silicon, and an activator element, wherein the phosphor has a volume average particle diameter ranging from about 50 nm to about 400 nm, and an internal quantum efficiency of greater than or equal to about 60% at an excitation wavelength of 450 nm, the phosphor is represented by a formula M2Si5N8, the M includes one or more alkaline-earth metal element selected from Ca, Sr, Ba, and Mg and including at least Sr, and one or more activator element selected from Eu and Ce and including at least Eu, an amount of the Sr included in the phosphor is about 15 mol % to about 99 mol % based on total moles of the M, and an amount of the activator element included in the phosphor is about 1 mol % to 20 mol % based on the total moles of the M.

Abstract: Disclosed is a phosphor including at least one of a nitride and an oxynitride, wherein the nitride and the oxynitride contain an alkaline-earth metal element, silicon, and an activator element. wherein the phosphor has a volume average particle diameter of greater than or equal to about 50 nm and less than or equal to about 400 nm and an inner quantum efficiency of greater than or equal to about 60% at an excitation wavelength of about 450 nm. The method of preparing a phosphor includes a precursor preparation process of preparing a phosphor precursor particles including a silicon nitride particles, a compound containing an alkaline-earth metal element, and a compound containing an activator element, wherein the compound containing an alkaline-earth metal element and the compound containing an activator element are deposited on the surface of the silicon nitride particles; and a firing process of firing the phosphor precursor particles.

Abstract: A toner for developing electrostatic images includes a binder, a colorant, iron, silicon, and sulfur. The colorant includes a phosphor and a non-fluorescent colorant. The phosphor includes either one or both of a nitride and an oxynitride each including an alkaline-earth metal, silicon, and an activator element. A volume average particle diameter of the phosphor is greater than or equal to about 50 nm and less than or equal to about 400 nm. An internal quantum efficiency of the phosphor at an excitation wavelength of 450 nm is greater than or equal to about 60%.

Abstract: A phosphor includes a nitride including an alkaline-earth metal element, silicon, and an activator element, wherein the phosphor has a volume average particle diameter ranging from about 50 nm to about 400 nm, and an internal quantum efficiency of greater than or equal to about 60% at an excitation wavelength of 450 nm, the phosphor is represented by a formula M2Si5N8, the M includes one or more alkaline-earth metal element selected from Ca, Sr, Ba, and Mg and including at least Sr, and one or more activator element selected from Eu and Ce and including at least Eu, an amount of the Sr included in the phosphor is about 15 mol % to about 99 mol % based on total moles of the M, and an amount of the activator element included in the phosphor is about 1 mol % to 20 mol % based on the total moles of the M.

Abstract: A magenta toner for developing electrostatic latent images, wherein the magenta toner includes a magenta toner particle having a polymer binder and a colorant, wherein the colorant includes a magenta pigment or dye and a visible light-excitable nitride fluorescent substance.

Abstract: Disclosed is a phosphor including at least one of a nitride and an oxynitride, wherein the nitride and the oxynitride contain an alkaline-earth metal element, silicon, and an activator element. wherein the phosphor has a volume average particle diameter of greater than or equal to about 50 nm and less than or equal to about 400 nm and an inner quantum efficiency of greater than or equal to about 60% at an excitation wavelength of about 450 nm. The method of preparing a phosphor includes a precursor preparation process of preparing a phosphor precursor particles including a silicon nitride particles, a compound containing an alkaline-earth metal element, and a compound containing an activator element, wherein the compound containing an alkaline-earth metal element and the compound containing an activator element are deposited on the surface of the silicon nitride particles; and a firing process of firing the phosphor precursor particles.

Abstract: A magenta toner for developing electrostatic latent images, wherein the magenta toner includes a magenta toner particle having a polymer binder and a colorant, wherein the colorant includes a magenta pigment or dye and a visible light-excitable nitride fluorescent substance.

Abstract: A polyimide composition varnish, a film prepared from the same, and a method of manufacturing a polyimide composition varnish, the polyimide composition varnish including a polyimide or a polyimide precursor; and an organically modified layered silicate in which interlayer ions are replaced with organic phosphonium ions.

Abstract: There are provided a novel proton-conducting polymer membrane that shows good workability in a fuel cell assembling process and good proton conductivity and durability even under high-temperature, non-humidified conditions, a method for production thereof, and a fuel cell therewith. The proton-conducting polymer membrane includes: a polymer membrane containing a polybenzimidazole compound having a sulfonic acid group and/or a phosphonic acid group; and vinylphosphonic acid contained in the polymer membrane. The fuel cell uses the proton-conducting polymer membrane. The polybenzimidazole compound preferably includes a sulfonic and/or phosphonic acid group-containing component represented by Structural Formula (1): wherein n represents an integer of 1 to 4, R1 represents a tetravalent aromatic linking unit capable of forming an imidazole ring, R2 represents a bivalent aromatic linking unit, and Z represents a sulfonic acid group and/or a phosphonic acid group.

Abstract: A polymer electrolyte membrane for a fuel cell that can maintain a stable performance for a long time, a method of manufacturing the same, and a fuel cell employing the same. The polymer electrolyte membrane includes at least one kind of a basic polymer and an acidic dopant. A dimensional change in the planar direction of the electrolyte membrane between a wet state and a dry state is 5% or less.

Abstract: A solid polymer electrolyte membrane that exhibits stable energy generation performance for a long period of time at an operation temperature of about 100° C. to about 300° C. in an unhumidified condition or a relative humidity of about 50%. A method for manufacturing the solid polymer electrolyte membrane and a fuel cell that uses the solid polymer electrolyte membrane are provided. The solid polymer electrolyte membrane comprises a polymer compound that has a side chain that includes a unit represented by Formula (a) that is formed at a heterocyclic nitrogen atom of a polybenzimidazole.

Abstract: A proton conductive solid polymer electrolyte includes a polypyridobisimidazole-based compound and at least an acid. The proton conductive solid polymer electrolyte can be used to make a fuel cell with good power generation over a long period of time under a relative humidity of about 0% to about 50% at an operating temperature of about 100° C. to about 300° C.

Abstract: There are provided a novel proton-conducting polymer membrane that shows good workability in a fuel cell assembling process and good proton conductivity and durability even under high-temperature, non-humidified conditions, a method for production thereof, and a fuel cell therewith. The proton-conducting polymer membrane includes: a polymer membrane containing a polybenzimidazole compound having a sulfonic acid group and/or a phosphonic acid group; and vinylphosphonic acid contained in the polymer membrane. The fuel cell uses the proton-conducting polymer membrane. The polybenzimidazole compound preferably includes a sulfonic and/or phosphonic acid group-containing component represented by Structural Formula (1): wherein n represents an integer of 1 to 4, R1 represents a tetravalent aromatic linking unit capable of forming an imidazole ring, R2 represents a bivalent aromatic linking unit, and Z represents a sulfonic acid group and/or a phosphonic acid group.

Abstract: A polymer electrolyte membrane for a fuel cell that can maintain a stable performance for a long time, a method of manufacturing the same, and a fuel cell employing the same. The polymer electrolyte membrane includes at least one kind of a basic polymer and an acidic dopant. A dimensional change in the planar direction of the electrolyte membrane between a wet state and a dry state is 5% or less.

Abstract: A proton conductive polymer electrolyte membrane, a method of preparing the same and a fuel cell including the proton conductive polymer electrolyte membrane, and more particularly, a proton conductive electrolyte membrane formed by impregnating polybenzimidazoles with inorganic phosphoric acids and organic phosphonates, wherein a total amount of the inorganic phosphoric acids and organic phosphonates is in the range of 20-2,000 mol % with respect to a repeating structure unit of polybenzimidazoles, and a molar ratio between the inorganic phosphoric acids and the organic phosphonates (inorganic phosphoric acids:organic phosphonates) is in the range of 5:95-90:10, a method of preparing the same and a fuel cell including the proton conductive electrolyte membrane. In addition, there is provided a proton conductive electrolyte membrane having good electricity generating performance in a non-humidified environment or at a relative humidity of 50% or less and at an operating temperature of 100 to 300° C.

Abstract: A solid polymer electrolyte membrane that exhibits stable energy generation performance for a long period of time at an operation temperature of about 100° C. to about 300° C. in an unhumidified condition or a relative humidity of about 50%. A method for manufacturing the solid polymer electrolyte membrane and a fuel cell that uses the solid polymer electrolyte membrane are provided. The solid polymer electrolyte membrane comprises a polymer compound that has a side chain that includes a unit represented by Formula (a) that is formed at a heterocyclic nitrogen atom of a polybenzimidazole.

Abstract: A proton conductive solid polymer electrolyte includes a polypyridobisimidazole-based compound and at least an acid. The proton conductive solid polymer electrolyte can be used to make a fuel cell with good power generation over a long period of time under a relative humidity of about 0% to about 50% at an operating temperature of about 100° C. to about 300° C.

Abstract: A solid polymer electrolyte membrane is used to stably generate electricity under non-humidified conditions or conditions with a relative humidity of 50% or less at an operating temperature of 100° C. to 300° C. for a long period of time. A method of producing the same and a fuel cell including the solid polymer electrolyte membrane are also provided. The solid polymer electrolyte membrane comprises a component A comprising at least a basic polymer such as polybenzimidazoles, polybenzoxazoles, and polybenzthiazoles, a component B comprising at least a basic polymer such as a porous polyolefin resin grafted by a vinyl monomer, a porous fluorinated polyolefin resin grafted by a vinyl monomer, and a porous polyimide resin grafted by a vinyl monomer, and a component C comprising at least an inorganic acid such as a sulfuric acid, a phosphoric acid, and a condensed phosphoric acid.

Abstract: A membrane-electrode-assembly with a solid polymer electrolyte, wherein a laminated structure is obtained by a process in which a membrane/catalyst layer conjugate produced by bonding a first catalyst layer containing a catalyst and an ion-conducting resin to a solid polymer electrolyte membrane, and a gas diffusion layer/catalyst layer conjugate produced by forming a second catalyst layer containing a catalyst and an ion-conducting resin on one side of a gas diffusion layer consisting of a gas-permeable electroconductive sheet material are laminated at least on the anode or cathode side such that the first catalyst layer and second catalyst layer face each other.