Abstract: An improved process for recovering hard acids and soft bases used to decompose coal in which finely divided coal particles are contacted with a hard acid in the presence of a soft base at temperatures of from 0.degree. to 100.degree. C., said hard acid being characterized by a heat of reaction with dimethylsulfide of from 10 kcal/mol to 30 kcal/mol and said soft base being characterized by a heat of reaction with boron trifluoride of from 10 kcal/mol to 17 kcal/mol, followed by extracting the decomposed coal to remove said hard acid and soft base wherein the improvement comprises performing said extraction at a temperature of about 0.degree. to about 50.degree. C. using dimethylcarbonate as the extraction solvent.

Abstract: An improved process for recovering hard acids and soft bases used to decompose coal in which finely divided coal particles are contacted with a hard acid in the presence of a soft base at temperatures of from 0.degree. to 100.degree. C., said hard acid being characterized by a heat of reaction with dimethylsulfide of from 10 kcal/mol to 30 kcal/mol and said soft base being characterized by a heat of reaction with boron trifluoride of from 10 kcal/mol to 17 kcal/mol, followed by extracting the decomposed coal to remove said hard acid and soft base wherein the improvement comprises performing said extraction at a temperature of about 0.degree. to about 50.degree. C. using dimethylsulfide as the extraction solvent, and wherein following said dimethylcarbonate extraction, said decomposed coal is extracted with water at a temperature of from about 60.degree. to 275.degree. C.

Abstract: An improved process for recovering hard acids and soft bases used to decompose coal in which finely divided coal particles are contacted with a hard acid in the presence of a soft base at temperatures of from 0.degree. to 100.degree. C., said hard acid being characterized by a heat of reaction with dimethylsulfide of from 10 kcal/mol to 30 kcal/mol and said soft base being characterized by a heat of reaction with boron trifluoride of from 10 kcal/mol to 17 kcal/mol, followed by extracting the decomposed coal to remove said hard acid and soft base wherein the improvement comprises performing said extraction at a temperature of about 0.degree. to about 50.degree. C. using dimethylcarbonate as the extraction solvent, and wherein following said dimethylcarbonate extraction, said coal is extracted with water at a temperature of from about 60.degree. to 275.degree. C., and wherein following said water extraction, said coal is soxhlet extracted in sulfolane at a temperature of about 25.degree. to about 350.degree.

Abstract: A process for depolymerizing coal at low temperatures by contacting finely divided coal with a hard acid and soft base.

Abstract: A process for preparing a low ash coal wherein coal is depolymerized at low temperature by contacting finely divided coal with a hard acid and soft base, and extracting the depolymerized coal to remove mineral contaminants.

Abstract: A process for hydroprocessing coal to hydrocarbon oils wherein coal is depolymerized at low temperatures by contacting finely divided coal with a hard acid and soft base. The depolymerized coal is then hydroprocessed to hydrocarbon oils by forming a mixture with a coal conversion catalyst or precursor thereof, and hydroprocessing the mixture at temperatures of from 250.degree. to 550.degree. C. and hydrogen partial pressures of from 2100 to 35000 kPa.

Abstract: A process for isomerizing a paraffin feed comprising contacting the feed with a strong, solid acid catalyst comprising a sulfated Group IVB metal oxide and at least one Group VIII metal in the presence of hydrogen and an adamantane compound.

Abstract: Disclosed is an alkylation process comprising the step of contacting a paraffinic compound, capable of forming a carbonium ion under strong acid conditions, with an olefin in the presence of a strong acid system comprised of an acid component and a mixture comprised of: (a) one or more adamantane derivatives containing at least one unsubstituted bridgehead position and which is capable of being protonated, or hydrogen bonded to, or dissociated by an acid; and (b) one or more surfactants capable of stabilizing the one or more adamantane derivatives of (a) above at a hydrocarbon-acid interface.

Abstract: Esters or carboxylic acids are prepared from olefins containing at least two carbon atoms by reacting the olefin with carbon monoxide in the presence of:(i) a first complex of a selected Lewis acid with the ester or carboxylic acid, whichever is the reaction product recovered;(ii) a second complex of the Lewis acid with an alcohol, if an ester is being prepared, or with water, if a carboxylic acid is being prepared; and(iii) a metal carbonyl compound containing a Group IB transition metal in the first oxidation state; andby recovering the reaction product(s).The preferred olefin is propylene, the preferred ester to be prepared is methylisobutyrate, the preferred metal is copper and the preferred Lewis acid is boron trifluoride.

Abstract: A process is described for paraffin-olefin alkylation under strong acid conditions in which an adamantylalkyl carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid is used to substantially improve the efficiency of reaction.

Abstract: A process is described for paraffin isomerization under strong acid conditions in which an adamantyl carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid is used to substantially increase the reaction rate of the isomerization.

Abstract: Novel compositions of matter are disclosed having the general formula UO.sub.2 AA'L.sub.n, in which A and A' are anions whose conjugate acids have boiling points less than about 200.degree. C. and pK.sub.a values of 4.8 or less, L is a neutral ligand (1) having a boiling point of greater than about 200.degree. C. and an equilibrium constant for its exchange reaction with complexed tetrahydrofuran of greater than about 10.sup.-3, or (2) having an equilibrium constant for its exchange reaction with complexed tetrahydrofuran of greater than about 10.sup.3, and n is an integer of from 1 to 4.

Abstract: A process is described for paraffin-olefin alkylation under strong acid conditions in which an adamantane hydrocarbon is used to substantially increase the reaction rate of the alkylation.

Abstract: A process is described for paraffin-olefin alkylation under strong acid conditions in which an aminoalkyladamantane hydrocarbon is used to substantially improve the reaction.

Abstract: A process is described for paraffin isomerization under strong acid conditions in which in aminoalkyladamantane is used to substantially increase the reaction rate of the isomerization.

Abstract: A process is described for non-cyclic paraffin isomerization under strong acid conditions in which an adamantane hydrocarbon is used to substantially increase the reaction rate of the isomerization.

Abstract: Novel compositions of matter are disclosed having the formula UO.sub.2 AA'L.sub.n, wherein n is 0 or 1, and in which A and A' are anions whose conjugate acids have boiling points less than about 200.degree. C. and pK.sub.a values of 4.8 or less, L is a neutral ligand having a boiling point less than about 190.degree. C. and having an equilibrium constant for the exchange reaction with tetrahydrofuran of between about 10.sup.-3 and 10.sup.3, and the combination of A, A' and L satisfy five or six coordination sites of the central uranium atom.

Abstract: Novel acid systems are disclosed which are characterized as being capable of stabilizing high concentrations of tertiary cations, e.g., t-butyl cation, and further characterized as capable of forming carbonium ion salts containing both dimeric and monomeric anions. The ions undergo hydride and halide exchange with other alkanes and halides. The hydride transfer reaction renders them useful in isomerization and alkylation reactions.

Abstract: A process is described for non-cyclic paraffin isomerization under strong acid conditions in which an adamantane hydrocarbon is used to substantially increase the reaction rate of the isomerization.