Abstract: An electrophotographic image-forming method has a contact charging step of charging the surface of an electrophotographic photosensitive member; an electrostatic latent image forming step of forming an electrostatic latent image on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member charged; a developing step of developing the electrostatic latent image formed into a toner image; and a transfer step of transferring the toner image formed by the development from the electrophotographic photosensitive member to a transfer material, the developing step serving also as a cleaning step for collecting a toner remaining on the electrophotographic photosensitive member after transfer.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member is disclosed which comprises a conductive support and a photosensitive layer provided on the conductive support. A surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a polycarbonate resin having a chain fluoroalkyl group having 4 or more carbon atoms. Also, an electrophotographic apparatus and a device unit are disclosed which comprise the electrophotographic photosensitive member.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus for forming an over laid image on a transfer material includes an electrophotographic photosensitive member movable along an endless path, a latent image forming device for forming an electrostatic latent image on the photosensitive member, a developing device for developing the electrostatic latent image with toner, and a transfer device for transferring the toner image onto the transfer material. The latent image forming device includes a controller for changing a latent image forming condition go as to reduce a potential difference between a latent image potential formed in a first rotation of the photosensitive drum at the start of image forming operation and a latent image potential in a subsequent rotation, and a latent image to be developed is formed from the first rotation without pre-rotation effected until the charge potential of the photosensitive member is stabilized.

Abstract: An to an electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a photosensitive layer containing a specified oxytitanium phthalocyanine and a polyvinyl acetal resin having a structural unit represented by Formula: ##STR1## wherein X is a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, a nitro group, or a cyano group; and Y is a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, a nitro group, or a cyano group. The photosensitive member maintains a low residual potential without deterioration of the sensitivity during repeated use.

Abstract: An electrophotographic apparatus is disclosed which has an electrophotographic photosensitive member and a transfer device. The photosensitive member has a conductive support and a photosensitive layer, and further has a surface layer formed of a binder resin, fluorine atom- or silicon atom-containing compound particles incompatible with the binder resin, and a fluorine atom- or silicon atom-containing compound compatible with the binder resin. In the surface layer, the proportion of fluorine atoms and silicon atoms to carbon atoms, (F+Si)/C, as measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is 0.01 to 1.0. Additionally, the transfer device is a multiple-transfer device.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member which has a surface layer of high hardness, high resistance to abrasion and scratching, and high durability. The surface layer of the photosensitive member contains a polymerization product of a monomer compound represented by the formula (1) or (2).

Abstract: An electrophotographic apparatus is disclosed which has an electrophotographic photosensitive member and a transfer member. The photosensitive member has a conductive support and a photosensitive layer, and further has a surface layer formed of a binder resin, fluorine atom- or silicon atom-containing compound particles incompatible with the binder resin, and a fluorine atom- or silicon atom-containing compound compatible with the binder resin. In the surface layer, the proportion of fluorine atoms and silicon atoms to carbon atoms, (F+Si)/C, as measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is 0.01 to 1.0. Additionally, the transfer member is a multiple-transfer member.

Abstract: There are provided a photosensitive member for electrophotography having a good cleaning characteristic when used in combination with a non-magnetic toner and a process speed of 80 mm/sec or larger, and an image forming method and an electrophotographic apparatus using the same. The photosensitive member has an average surface roughness of 0.3 to 5.0 microns and is suitably used in an electrophotographic apparatus including cleaning means comprising an elastomeric blade, and developing means for using a two-component developer which comprises a dry non-magnetic toner comprising a binder resin having a glass transition point of 60.degree. C. or below.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprises a conductive support and provided thereon a photosensitive layer, wherein said photosensitive layer contains an amine compound represented by the Formula (I) or Formula (II).