Abstract: Water-soluble or water-dispersible polyesters obtainable by condensation of tartaric acid or derivatives thereof alone or by condensation of mixtures of tartaric acid or derivatives thereof and citric acid with or without alcohols, water-soluble polyalkylene glycols or water-soluble polyaddition products of alkylene oxides with alcohols, fatty acids, alkylphenols or alkylamines and with or without at least dibasic carboxylic acids are suitable for use as detergent additives.

Abstract: Water-soluble or water-dispersible grafts of proteins with monoethylenically unsaturated monomers are used as sizing agents for staple fiber and filament yarns.

Abstract: Phosphate-free and low-phosphate detergents which contain surfactants as essential constituents also contain from 0.1 to 20% by weight, based on the particular formulation, of water-soluble or water-dispersible grafted proteins obtainable by free radical copolymerization of(A) monoethylenically unsaturated monomers in the presence of(B) proteins in a weight ratio of (A):(B) of (0.5-90):(99.5-10).

Abstract: The water absorption capacity of crosslinked, water-swellable polymers is improved by a process in which a water-containing, finely divided polymer gel having a solids content of from 20 to 65% by weight is treated with steam at not less than 50.degree. C., the solids content of the water-containing polymer gel increasing by not more than 30% by weight, and the polymer gel is then dried in a conventional manner.

Abstract: Crude oil middle distillates with improved cold flow properties, containing small amounts ofA. conventional flow improver on an ethylene base, andB. copolymers which consist of 10 to 95 mol-% of one or more acrylacrylates or alkylmethacrylates with C.sub.1 - to C.sub.26 -alkyl chains, and of 5 to 90 mol-% of one or more ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids or their anhydrides, where the copolymer is reacted to a large extent with one or several primary or secondary amines into the monoamide or amide/ammonia salt of dicarboxylic acid, and the quantitative proportion of A to B is from 40 to 60 up to 95 to 5.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of copolymers which contain monoethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acids and dicarboxylic acids as copolymerized monomer units, which comprises copolymerizinga) 10 to 60% by weight, based on the sum of the monomers, of a monoethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid of 4 to 6 carbon atoms, -or an alkali metal salt thereof or, an anhydride thereof,b) 90 to 40% by weight of a monoethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acid of 3 to 10 carbon atoms or an alkali metal salt thereof andc) 0 to 20% by weight of another monoethylenically unsaturated monomer, not having carboxyl groups and which is copolymerizable with a) and b);in an aqueous medium in the presence of from 0.5 to 5% by weight, based on monomers, of a water-soluble initiator.

Abstract: Finely divided, gel-like, water-swellable copolymers are prepared by copolymerizing(a) 100 parts by weight of water-soluble, monoethylenically unsaturated monomers,(b) from 0.01 to 5 parts by weight of monomers containing two or more ethylenically unsaturated double bonds and(c) from 0 to 20 parts by weight of water-insoluble, monoethylenically unsaturated monomersin 20-80% strength by weight aqueous solution in the presence of a polymerization initiator and from 0.1 to 10% by weight, based on the monomers used in the copolymerization, of a surfactant, by a process in which the monomers are copolymerized in the presence of initially from 0 to 50% by weight of the amount of surfactant to a conversion of not less than 60%, the remaining amount of surfactant is then added to the reaction mixture and the copolymerization is completed and the resulting gel particles dried.

Abstract: Paper, board and cardboard are produced by draining a paper stock, containing undesirable substances, in the presence of hydrolyzed homo- and/or copolymers of N-vinylformamide having a degree of hydrolysis of not less than 60% and a cationic retention aid. According to the invention, faster drainage and improved retention are obtained compared with the use of known fixing agents.

Abstract: Polyesters obtainable by condensation of(a) an at least dicarboxylic acid, or an ester or anhydride or a mixture thereof,(b) an at least dihydric alcohol or an addition product of from 1 to 5 mol of at least one alkylene oxide of 2 or 3 carbon atoms with 1 mol of an at least dihydric alcohol, or a mixture thereof, and(c) a water-soluble addition product of from 5 to 80 mol of at least one alkylene oxide with 1 mol of a C.sub.8 -C.sub.24 -alcohol, a C.sub.8 -C.sub.18 -alkylphenol or a C.sub.8 -C.sub.24 -alkylaminein a molar ratio of (a):(b):(c) of 100:(25-2500):(5-110) at not less than 120.degree. C. up to a weight average molecular weight of from 2000 to 50000, are used in amounts of from 0.05 to 15% by weight as grayness inhibitors and soil release promoters in detergents.

Abstract: Stable water-in-oil emulsions of a hydrolyzed polymer of an N-vinylamide of the formula ##STR1## where R and R.sup.1 are each H or C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkyl, are prepared by polymerizing a compound of the formula I, alone or as a mixture with other monoethylenically unsaturated monomers, in the form of a water-in-oil emulsion to give a water-in-oil polymer emulsion, and then hydrolyzing the polymer, hydrolysis of the polymer in the form of the water-in-oil polymer emulsion being carried out in the presence of an acid or base, and additives in the form of antioxidants, reducing agents or aldehyde acceptors being added for stabilization.

Abstract: A detergent composition contains as essential ingredients surfactants and from 0.1 to 15% by weight of water-soluble or -dispersible polymers obtainable by oxidation of polymers containing not less than 10 mol % of carboxyl-containing monoethylenically unsaturated monomers as copolymerized units and having Fikentscher K values of from 8 to 300.

Abstract: Copolymers which containa) from 50 to 90% by weight of C.sub.8 -C.sub.40 -alkyl methacrylates, vinyl esters of C.sub.8 -C.sub.40 -carboxylic acids or mixtures thereof andb) from 10 to 50% by weight of monoethylenically unsaturated C.sub.3 -C.sub.12 -carboxylic acids, monoethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic anhydrides, monoesters or monoamides of monoethylenically unsaturated C.sub.4 -C.sub.12 -dicarboxylic acids, amides of C.sub.3 -C.sub.12 -monocarboxylic acids or mixtures thereofas copolymerized units and have molecular masses of from 500 to 30,000 are used in at least partially neutralized form in aqueous solution or dispersion for making leather and furs water repellent.

Abstract: Water-soluble polymers having K values of from 5 to 100 (determined on the Na salt of the polymers according to H. Fikentscher in aqueous solution at 25.degree. C., a pH of 7 and a concentration of 1% by weight of the Na salt of the polymer) are prepared by polymerizing a monomer mixture of(a) monethylenically unsaturated C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 -monocarboxylic acids and(b) more than 20-100 mol % of monomers which have two or more ethylenically unsaturated double bonds linked via one or more ester or amide functions and which contain one or more --CO--OX groups, where X is one hydrogen equivalent, one alkali metal equivalent or one alkaline earth metal equivalent or an ammonium group,in aqueous solution in the presence of a polymerization initiator, and the polymers are used in amounts of from 0.5 to 25% by weight in detergents and cleaners.

Abstract: Paper, board and cardboard are produced from paper stocks containing foreign substances by drainage in the presence of a polymer which contains, as typical polymerized constituents, units of the formulae ##STR1## where R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each H, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 -alkyl, and which have K values of not less than 130, the polymers containing less than 10 mol % of units of the formula II.

Abstract: Pulverulent polymers of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid are prepared by polymerizing (a) from 100 to 70% by weight of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid or a mixture thereof and (b) from 0 to 30% by weight of vinylsulfonic acid or an alkali metal salt thereof in a monohydric C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alcohol, water or a mixture thereof in a pulverulent bed in the presence of a polymerization initiator and from 0.05 to 10 mol % of thiocarboxylic acid and/or a mercaptoalcohol and from 0.05 to 10 mol % of propionic acid or formic acid as regulators, each percentage being based on the monomers used in the polymerization, by maintaining the pulverulent state during the polymerization, removing the heat of polymerization by distilling off the solvent and recirculating the reaction mixture.

Abstract: Water-soluble copolymers of maleic acid useful as water treatment agents are prepared by copolymerizing(a) from 99 to 80% by weight of maleic anhydride and(b) from 1 to 20% by weight of a monoethylenically unsaturated monomer copolymerizable therewith and, facultatively,(c) up to 10% by weight of a crosslinker, at from 60.degree. to 200.degree. C. in an aromatic hydrocarbon in the presence of peroxyesters derived from saturated or monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, and hydrolyzing the anhydride groups of the copolymers following the polymerization.

Abstract: A cementing composition useful in cementing oil, gas and water wells, comprising water, hydraulic cement and an effective amount of water soluble fluid loss additive comprised of a blend of a copolymer of acrylamide/vinyl imidazole in a weight percent ratio of from about 95:5 to 5:95, said copolymer having a molecular weight range of from about 100,000 to 3,000,000, and a terpolymer of acrylamide/acrylamidomethylpropane sulfonic acid sodium salt/vinyl imidazole in a weight percent ratio of 60:20:20, said terpolymer having a molecular weight range of from about 100,000 to 3,000.000. The blend is comprised of a weight percent ratio of copolymer to terpolymer in the range of 20:80 to 80:20. The composition can also optionally include a dispersant such as sodium or potassium salts or a sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde condensate.

Abstract: A cementing composition useful in cementing oil, gas and water wells, comprising water, hydraulic cement and an effective amount of water soluble fluid loss additive comprised of a blend of a copolymer of acrylamide/vinyl imidazole in a weight percent ratio of from about 95:5 to 5:95, said copolymer having a molecular weight range of from about 100,000 to 3,000,000, and a terpolymer of acrylamide/acrylamidomethylpropane sulfonic acid sodium salt/vinyl imidazole in a weight percent ratio of 60:20:20, said terpolymer having a molecular weight range of from about 100,000 to 3,000,000. The blend is comprised of a weight percent ratio of copolymer to terpolymer in the range of 20:80 to 80:20. The composition can also optionally include a dispersant such as sodium or potassium salts or a sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde condensate.

Abstract: Fuels for gasoline engines contain small amounts of copolymers of alkyl (meth)-acrylates where the alkyl radical is of 8 to 40 carbon atoms and/or vinyl esters of carboxylic acids of 8 to 40 carbon atoms and monoethylenically unsaturated mono- and/or dicarboxylic acids of 3 to 12 carbon atoms and/or monoethylenically unsaturated compounds having sulfo and/or phosphonic acid groups, having a total molecular weight of from 500 to 20,000 g per mole, some or all of the carboxyl, sulfo and phosphonic acid groups of the copolymers having been reacted with an alkali or alkaline earth with formation of the alkali metla salts or alkaline earth metal salts and the remainder of the acid groups having been reacted with ammonia and/or amines of not more than 50 carbon atoms to give the corresponding amide groups and/or ammonium salts.

Abstract: Liquid detergent formulations contain as essential constituents a surfactant and 0.1-20% by weight of a copolymer which contains(a) 50-99 mol % of units of a monoethylenically unsaturated C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 -monocarboxylic acid, a monoethylenically unsaturated C.sub.4 -C.sub.8 -dicarboxylic acid, a half ester of a monoethylenically unsaturated C.sub.4 -C.sub.8 -dicarboxylic acid, an ester of a monoethylenically unsaturated C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 -monocarboxylic acid, a C.sub.2 -C.sub.30 -olefin, styrene, a C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 -alkylstyrene, a C.sub.1 -C.sub.28 -alkyl vinyl ether, a vinyl ester of a saturated C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -monocarboxylic acid or a mixture thereof and(b) 50-1 mol % of units of an amide of a monoethylenically unsaturated C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 -carboxylic acid where the amide groups have the structure ##STR1## where R.sup.1 is C.sub.8 -C.sub.28 -alkyl or preferably ##STR2## R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are each H, CH.sub.3 or C.sub.2 H.sub.5, R is C.sub.1 -C.sub.28 -alkyl,n is from 2 to 100 andR.sup.2 is H or R.sup.