Abstract: This invention relates to a capacitor electrode which includes porous layers made of a fiber and/or a whisker containing crystal tungsten oxides. The tungsten oxide fiber and/or whisker contain W18O49 as a main ingredient. The tungsten oxide fiber and/or whisker are made on a substrate. When manufacturing the capacitor electrode the substrate or its precursor is heated in vacuo or in an inactive containing a minute amount of oxygen, thereby completing the fiber and/or whisker.

Abstract: This invention relates to a capacitor electrode which includes porous layers made of a fiber and/or a whisker containing crystal tungsten oxides. The tungsten oxide fiber and/or whisker contain W18O49 as a main ingredient. The tungsten oxide fiber and/or whisker are made on a substrate. When manufacturing the capacitor electrode the substrate or its precursor is heated in vacuo or in an inactive containing a minute amount of oxygen, thereby completing the fiber and/or whisker.

Abstract: A signal output apparatus comprises an impact applying unit applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, and a detection unit outputting a signal by the impact. An apparatus for determining the type of sheet comprises an impact applying unit applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, and a detection unit outputting a signal by the impact, wherein the type of the sheet is determined based on the signal from the detection unit. An image forming apparatus comprises an impact applying unit applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, and a detection unit outputting a signal by the impact. A method for determining the type of sheet comprises the steps of applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, outputting a signal from a detection unit by the applying step, and determining the type of sheet based on the signal. An apparatus carries out the method for determining the type of sheet.

Abstract: A signal output apparatus comprises an impact applying unit applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, and a detection unit outputting a signal by the impact. An apparatus for determining the type of sheet comprises an impact applying unit applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, and a detection unit outputting a signal by the impact, wherein the type of the sheet is determined based on the signal from the detection unit. An image forming apparatus comprises an impact applying unit applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, and a detection unit outputting a signal by the impact. A method for determining the type of sheet comprises the steps of applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, outputting a signal from a detection unit by the applying step, and determining the type of sheet based on the signal. An apparatus carries out the method for determining the type of sheet.

Abstract: A signal output apparatus comprises an impact applying unit applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, and a detection unit outputting a signal by the impact. An apparatus for determining the type of sheet comprises an impact applying unit applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, and a detection unit outputting a signal by the impact, wherein the type of the sheet is determined based on the signal from the detection unit. An image forming apparatus comprises an impact applying unit applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, and a detection unit outputting a signal by the impact. A method for determining the type of sheet comprises the steps of applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, outputting a signal from a detection unit by the applying step, and determining the type of sheet based on the signal. An apparatus carries out the method for determining the type of sheet.

Abstract: A whisker-grown body of the present invention includes a raw material substrate made of manganese-containing metal and/or ceramics, and a whisker containing 50% by mass or more of manganese dioxide and formed on a surface of the raw material substrate. The whisker-grown body has a high surface ratio to unit volume and improves electrode efficiency when used as an electrode of an electrochemical capacitor.

Abstract: A signal output apparatus comprises an impact applying unit applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, and a detection unit outputting a signal by the impact. An apparatus for determining the type of sheet comprises an impact applying unit applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, and a detection unit outputting a signal by the impact, wherein the type of the sheet is determined based on the signal from the detection unit. An image forming apparatus comprises an impact applying unit applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, and a detection unit outputting a signal by the impact. A method for determining the type of sheet comprises the steps of applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, outputting a signal from a detection unit by the applying step, and determining the type of sheet based on the signal. An apparatus carries out the method for determining the type of sheet.

Abstract: A residual amount detecting device for detecting information concerning a residual amount of recording medium. The residual amount detecting device includes an external force applying unit that applies an external force to a recording medium group in a thickness direction thereof and an external force detecting unit that detects the external force applied to the recording medium group. The external force detecting unit is disposed such that the recording medium group is set in a position between the external force applying unit and the external force detecting unit. With the residual amount detecting device, it is possible to detect information concerning the residual amount of a recording medium even before using up the recording medium group stacked in an image forming apparatus.

Abstract: A device is formed by transferring a film onto a substrate when the film requires but the substrate is not adapted to a high temperature heat treatment process. The film having layers and formed on a first substrate having layers is transferred onto a second substrate having layers. The method of transferring the film comprises a first step of forming a lift-off layer and the film to be transferred on the first substrate, a second step of bonding the film to be transferred to the second substrate and a third step of separating the film to be transferred from the first substrate by etching the lift-off layer and transferring it onto the second substrate.

Abstract: Provided is a method for producing regularly ordered narrow pores excellent in linearity, and a structure with such narrow pores. A method for producing a narrow pore comprises a step of radiating a particle beam onto a workpiece, and a step of carrying out anodic oxidation of the workpiece having been irradiated with the particle beam, to form a narrow pore in the workpiece.

Abstract: A signal output apparatus comprises a vibration applying unit that contacts with and applies a vibration to a sheet, and a detection unit that outputs a signal by the vibration. An apparatus for determining a type of a sheet comprises a vibration applying unit that contacts with and applies a vibration to a sheet, and a detection unit that outputs a signal by the vibration, wherein a type of the sheet is determined on the basis of the signal from said detection unit. An image forming apparatus comprises a vibration applying unit that contacts with and applies a vibration to a sheet, and a detection unit that outputs a signal by the vibration.

Abstract: A signal output apparatus comprises an impact applying unit applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, and a detection unit outputting a signal by the impact. An apparatus for determining the type of sheet comprises an impact applying unit applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, and a detection unit outputting a signal by the impact, wherein the type of the sheet is determined based on the signal from the detection unit. An image forming apparatus comprises an impact applying unit applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, and a detection unit outputting a signal by the impact. A method for determining the type of sheet comprises the steps of applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, outputting a signal from a detection unit by the applying step, and determining the type of sheet based on the signal. An apparatus carries out the method for determining the type of sheet.

Abstract: A device is formed by transferring a film onto a substrate when the film requires but the substrate is not adapted to a high temperature heat treatment process. The film having layers and formed on a first substrate having layers is transferred onto a second substrate having layers. The method of transferring the film comprises a first step of forming a lift-off layer and the film to be transferred on the first substrate, a second step of bonding the film to be transferred to the second substrate and a third step of separating the film to be transferred from the first substrate by etching the lift-off layer and transferring it onto the second substrate.

Abstract: Provided is a method for producing regularly ordered narrow pores excellent in linearity, and a structure with such narrow pores. A method for producing a narrow pore comprises a step of radiating a particle beam onto a workpiece, and a step of carrying out anodic oxidation of the workpiece having been irradiated with the particle beam, to form a narrow pore in the workpiece.

Abstract: Provided is a method for producing regularly ordered narrow pores excellent in linearity, and a structure with such narrow pores. A method for producing a narrow pore comprises a step of radiating a particle beam onto a workpiece, and a step of carrying out anodic oxidation of the workpiece having been irradiated with the particle beam, to form a narrow pore in the workpiece.

Abstract: A diffraction grating includes first regions for mainly reflecting first polarized light and second regions for mainly reflecting second polarized light. The first regions and the second regions are alternately arranged in a light propagation direction in a variety of manners to appropriately set its polarization-mode dependency according to need. An optical semiconductor device includes a semiconductor substrate, a laser structure and that diffraction grating formed in the laser structure. The laser structure is a distributed feedback semiconductor laser structure or a distributed Bragg reflector semiconductor laser structure formed on the semiconductor substrate.

Abstract: An electrochemical etching process carried out in an etching system including an electrolysis vessel which is provided thereinside with facing wall surfaces defining therebetween an etching solution flow region. A semiconductor substrate to be etched and a counter electrode are mounted respectively on the facing wall surfaces. A flow stream generating section for the etching solution is formed separate from the etching solution flow region and includes a device for generating the flow stream of the etching solution. The flow stream generating section is connected to the etching solution flow region in such a manner that the etching solution flow in a direction generally parallel with the facing wall surfaces inside the electrolysis vessel. An electric potential is applied between the semiconductor substrate and the counter electrode to accomplish an electrochemical etching on the semiconductor substrate.

Abstract: An optical device for performing a light power transfer between two waveguides that includes a first waveguide, a second waveguide, a transfer rate control element for controlling a light power transfer rate between the first and second waveguides and an electric element for electrically controlling the transfer rate control element by imparting electric energy to the transfer rate control element. The transfer rate control element sets the light power transfer rate to zero when the transfer rate control element is in an inoperative state. The transfer rate control element falls into the inoperative state when the electric element imparts no electric energy to the transfer rate control element.

Abstract: A system and method for controlling an induction motor which basically achieve reductions in a steady state loss and in a transient loss of the induction motor such as a stepwise input of a torque instruction value T.sub.e *. Basically, a steady-state loss minimization magnetic flux calculating section calculates a secondary (rotor) magnetic flux .phi..sub.r * which minimizes the steady-state loss of the induction motor in response to a torque instruction value. A target magnetic flux .phi..sub.r and a differentiation of the target magnetic flux d.phi..sub.r /dt are thereafter calculated using a low pass filter transfer function such as .phi..sub.r =.phi..sub.r * 1/(1+.tau..sub..phi..S)(, wherein .tau..sub..phi. denotes a time constant, and S denotes a Laplace operator). A target torque T.sub.m is calculates using a predetermined transfer function in response to the torque instruction value such as T.sub.m =T.sub.e *.1/(1+.tau..sub.T.S)(, wherein .tau..sub.T is a time constant for the target torque).

Abstract: A light absorbing layer is formed in a photodetector that receives and detects light guided therein. Carriers are generated in the light absorbing layer in response to the guided light. Unwanted carriers likely to be generated in regions other than the light absorbing layer when light is guided into the photodetector are swept out by a carrier sweeping arrangement to improve the time response and light-current characteristics of the photodetector.