Abstract: A membrane structure (10) includes: a substrate being a Si substrate or an SOI substrate; a buffer film containing ZrO2 and formed on the substrate; and a piezoelectric film (11) formed on the buffer film, a polarization direction in the piezoelectric film (11) being preferentially oriented parallel to the substrate.

Abstract: A piezoelectric film integrated device includes a substrate; an electrode provided on the substrate; a first piezoelectric element that is provided on the electrode and includes a first monocrystalline piezoelectric film and a first electrode film superimposed on the first monocrystalline piezoelectric film; and a second piezoelectric element that is provided on the first piezoelectric element and includes a second monocrystalline piezoelectric film and a second electrode film superimposed on the second monocrystalline piezoelectric film.

Abstract: A piezoelectric film integrated device include a substrate; a first electrode provided on the substrate; a second electrode provided on the substrate; a first monocrystalline piezoelectric film provided on the first electrode; a second monocrystalline piezoelectric film provided on the second electrode and having a crystal structure different from a crystal structure of the first monocrystalline piezoelectric film; a third electrode provided on the first monocrystalline piezoelectric film; and a fourth electrode provided on the second monocrystalline piezoelectric film.

Abstract: A film structure comprises a substrate and a buffer film formed on the substrate. The substrate is a 36° to 48° rotated Y-cut Si substrate, or the substrate is a SOI substrate including a base substance made of the 36° to 48° rotated Y-cut Si substrate, an insulating layer on the base substance, and a SOI layer made of a Si film on the insulating layer, and a mirror index of a crystal plane of an upper surface of the SOI layer is equal to a mirror index of a crystal plane of an upper surface of the base substance. The buffer film includes ZrO2 epitaxially grown on the substrate.

Abstract: A method of controlling an electro-optical device includes, during image rewriting, executing a first control operation to supply a potential different from a potential on a counter electrode to a pixel electrode of a first pixel in a plurality of frame periods, executing a second control operation to supply the same potential as the potential on the counter electrode to a pixel electrode of a second pixel, which is adjacent to the first pixel and in which a gradation to be displayed during image rewriting is not changed, in at least some frame periods of a plurality of frame periods, and executing a third control operation to supply a potential different from the potential on the counter electrode to the pixel electrode of the second pixel in a frame period after the potential has been supplied in at least one frame period during the first control operation.

Abstract: A method of controlling an electro-optical device includes controlling a driving section such that, when an image is rewritten from a first image displayed in a first gradation to a second image including a background image portion to be displayed in the first gradation and a main image portion to be displayed in a second gradation, the same potential as a counter electrode is supplied to a pixel in the background image portion, and a potential corresponding to the second gradation is supplied to a pixel in the main image portion. The driving section is controlled such that at least one of the magnitude and application time of a voltage applied between the pixel electrode and the counter electrode is smaller in a pixel corresponding to an edge portion in the main image portion than in a pixel corresponding to a non-edge portion in the main image portion.

Abstract: In a refresh period, a voltage for alternatingly inverting a memory display element between a first gray level and a second gray level is applied. The number of inversions in the refresh period when the temperature of the memory display element is low is lower than the number of inversions in the refresh period when the temperature of the memory display element is high.

Abstract: A driving method for driving an electrophoretic display apparatus includes writing first image data into a display unit provided with a plurality of pixels; creating second image data including image data which corresponds to first contour pixels, and which is extracted from the first image data, each of the first contour pixels being a first pixel located adjacent to a second pixel having a gray-scale level different from a gray-scale level of the first pixel, the first pixel and the second pixel being included in the plurality of pixels; and writing the second image data into the display unit.

Abstract: An adjustment phase, a clearing phase, and a gray level control phase are used when changing the gray levels of pixels. A plurality of pixels are aligned to a predetermined gray level in the adjustment phase. In the adjustment phase, the gray level of a pixel is changed earlier the greater a gray level difference between the gray level of the pixel and the predetermined gray level is.

Abstract: In order to achieve a desired gray level in an optical state of a bi-stable display element, voltage application is carried out so that the gray level follows a predetermined gray level change loop through a erasing period, a reset period, and a write period.

Abstract: A driving method for driving an electrophoretic display apparatus, which has a display section including a plurality of pixels each having a pixel electrode and a common electrode opposing each other and an electrophoretic element interposed therebetween which includes electrophoretic particles, includes erasing a first image displayed on the display section, during a process of rewriting the first image into a second image. The driving method includes displaying the second image on the display section, during the process of rewriting the first image into the second image, wherein the corrected image data is image data obtained by correcting image data associated with the second image so as to reduce an area displaying the one gradation and expand an area displaying the other gradation in the second image.

Abstract: A method of controlling an electro-optical device includes, during image rewriting, executing a first control operation to supply a potential different from a potential on a counter electrode to a pixel electrode of a first pixel in a plurality of frame periods, executing a second control operation to supply the same potential as the potential on the counter electrode to a pixel electrode of a second pixel, which is adjacent to the first pixel and in which a gradation to be displayed during image rewriting is not changed, in at least some frame periods of a plurality of frame periods, and executing a third control operation to supply a potential different from the potential on the counter electrode to the pixel electrode of the second pixel in a frame period after the potential has been supplied in at least one frame period during the first control operation.

Abstract: A method of controlling an electro-optical device includes controlling a driving section such that, when an image is rewritten from a first image displayed in a first gradation to a second image including a background image portion to be displayed in the first gradation and a main image portion to be displayed in a second gradation, the same potential as a counter electrode is supplied to a pixel in the background image portion, and a potential corresponding to the second gradation is supplied to a pixel in the main image portion. The driving section is controlled such that at least one of the magnitude and application time of a voltage applied between the pixel electrode and the counter electrode is smaller in a pixel corresponding to an edge portion in the main image portion than in a pixel corresponding to a non-edge portion in the main image portion.

Abstract: A driving method for driving an electrophoretic display apparatus includes writing first image data into a display unit provided with a plurality of pixels; creating second image data including image data which corresponds to first contour pixels, and which is extracted from the first image data, each of the first contour pixels being a first pixel located adjacent to a second pixel having a gray-scale level different from a gray-scale level of the first pixel, the first pixel and the second pixel being included in the plurality of pixels; and writing the second image data into the display unit.

Abstract: A driving method for driving an electrophoretic display apparatus, which has a display section including a plurality of pixels each having a pixel electrode and a common electrode opposing each other and an electrophoretic element interposed therebetween which includes electrophoretic particles, includes erasing a first image displayed on the display section, during a process of rewriting the first image into a second image, by supplying the common electrode with a common voltage, supplying the pixel electrode of a pixel among the plurality of pixels which is displaying one gradation out of a first gradation and a second gradation different from the first gradation with a voltage corresponding to the other gradation different from the one gradation, supplying the pixel electrode of a pixel among the plurality of pixels which is displaying the other gradation with a voltage of the same level as the common voltage.