Abstract: A cooling system for cooling a fuel cell on a vehicle includes a radiator, a branch portion connected to an outlet side of the radiator, a confluence portion connected to an inlet side of the radiator, a first passage and a second passage connected in parallel between the confluence portion and the branch portion, a fuel cell and a first pump provided in the first passage, a resistor and a second pump provided in the second passage, and a backflow preventer provided in the second passage. The first passage has no backflow preventer.

Abstract: A communications apparatus for switching among different interfaces includes a switch unit. The switch unit includes a main switch for switching data of a fixed length and an interface having a first buffer for an input of the main switch and a second buffer for an output of the main switch.

Abstract: A server performs electronic commerce with a client by using a network. An order receiving unit of the server separates a sales article into information and goods and presents them as an ordering target to the client. An article providing unit of the server selects the separated information, separated goods, or a combination thereof on the basis of an ordering request from the client and provides it to the client. The article providing unit executes a time difference service for providing the separated goods after the separated information was precedently provided. The article providing unit provides a separation service for solely providing the separated information and the separated goods, respectively.

Abstract: A switching system for controlling internal apparatuses provided within an exchange system includes a central controller and a switching module including a plurality of objective apparatuses, each objective apparatus including a control data end unit, controlled by the central controller based on DMA communication and SD/SCN signal. Further, the central controller includes a first processor access controller which transfers control data to the control data end unit, in order to check and control each of objective apparatus, based on the DMA communication and the SD/SCN signal. The switching module includes a second processor access controller which relays the control data transferred between the first processor access controller and a plurality of control data end units-based on the DMA communication and the SD/SCN signal.

Abstract: A communications apparatus for switching among different interfaces includes a switch unit. The switch unit includes a main switch for switching data of a fixed length and an interface having a first buffer for an input of the main switch and a second buffer for an output of the main switch.

Abstract: A start/stop setting section is provided on the upstream side of a dual-configuration ATM switch, and a start/stop detection section is provided on the downstream side for each of a working and a protection line. At the initiation of quality monitoring, the start/stop setting section sets a start bit in an incoming cell having a specified identifier, and thereupon starts counting the number of cells whose identifier matches the specified identifier. The start/stop detection section, upon detecting the cell having the start bit, starts counting the number of cells whose identifier matches the identifier of the detected cell. At the end of the quality monitoring, the start/stop setting section sets a stop bit in an incoming cell having the specified identifier, and thereupon stops the counting of cells.

Abstract: A server performs electronic commerce with a client by using a network. An order receiving unit of the server separates a sales article into information and goods and presents them as an ordering target to the client. An article providing unit of the server selects the separated information, separated goods, or a combination thereof on the basis of an ordering request from the client and provides it to the client. The article providing unit executes a time difference service for providing the separated goods after the separated information was precedently provided. The article providing unit provides a separation service for solely providing the separated information and the separated goods, respectively.

Abstract: A system includes a host, first and second devices which operate as an acting device and a standby device, and a simplex unit controlled by the acting device. Each device is provided with a monitoring unit for monitoring the occurrence of failure, means for notifying the other device of a failure in its own device, and active/standby notification means. The active/standby notification means notifies the simplex unit that its own device is acting or standing by when the device becomes the acting device or standby device in response to a command from the host. Upon a failure in the other device when its own device is standing by, the active/standby notification means notifies the simplex unit that its own device is now an apparent acting device. Upon a failure in its own device when its own device is acting, the active/standby notification means notifies the simplex unit that its own device is now an apparent standby device.

Abstract: A cell count identifier inserting portion for inserting a cell count identifier into the header portion of a cell is provided at a predetermined position within an exchange and a plurality of cell counting portions for counting a cell into which a cell count identifier is inserted are provided on the downstream side of the cell count identifier inserting portion. A cell loss detecting portion compares the number of cells into which the cell count identifier is inserted with the number of cells counted by each of the cell counting portions, detects cell loss on the basis of the result of the comparisons and specifies the section in which cell loss is caused, if the cell loss is detected.

Abstract: A line protection switching system of a duplexed fiber interface shelf makes easily to reconcile conditions of duplexed fiber interface shelves, which perform line switching by employing APS bytes on an ISDN network. The line protection switching system has a pair of duplexed line switching controllers that send a line switching control signal to switch the transmission lines and a pair of duplexed line interface devices operatively connected to the pair of duplexed line switching controllers. An active interface device of the duplexed interface devices receives the line switching control signal only from an active line switching controller of the duplexed line switching controllers and echoes the received control signal back to the duplexed line switching controllers.