Abstract: A network system includes a network architecture including: a network layer configured to define an entirety of an electric power network constituted from electric power grids; a local network layer configured to define a local network corresponding to electric power grid groups and forming a part of the electric power network; a grid layer configured to define the electric power grids; a physical layer configured to define constituent elements included in the electric power grids; a first layer configured to define the information communication network that is associated with the network layer; a second layer configured to define the information communication network that is associated with the local network layer; a third layer configured to define the information communication network that is associated with the grid layer; and space, a fourth layer configured to define the information communication network that is associated with the physical layer.

Abstract: A power system includes: a direct-current bus to which a power generation device and a plurality of power devices are connected; and a plurality of battery devices connected at predetermined intervals from one end of the direct-current bus to another end and configured to supply and receive power to and from the direct-current bus.

Abstract: A network system includes: a wireless base station configured to relay communication performed by wireless terminals; distributed antennas each being configured to be connected to the wireless base station and form a cell that enables communication with the wireless terminals; direct-current grids each being arranged in a predetermined form in a communication area formed by the cells and configured to interchange power with power devices connected to the subject direct-current grid; a power gate arranged between the direct-current grids located adjacent to each other and configured to interchange power between the adjacent direct-current grids; and a control device configured to control the power gate based on information acquired from the power devices via the distributed antennas. The power devices connected to the direct-current grids are configured to perform communication with the control device via the distributed antennas that form the communication area including the direct-current grids.

Abstract: A cytometric mechanism includes: a flow path through which a cell suspension is made to flow; a liquid drive unit for sending the cell suspension which is in the flow path; and a computation unit for irradiating, with irradiation light from a light source, a cell suspension flowing through a flow cell, and for finding a cell survival rate in the cell suspension on the basis of a resulting forward scattered light intensity and transmittance and/or side scattered light intensity. The invention is provided with a calibration curve database for storing, in advance, respective calibration curves indicative of a relationship between viable cell concentration and forward scattered light intensity, a relationship between dead cell concentration and the transmittance, and a relationship between a cell survival rate and the side scattered light intensity.

Abstract: A cytometric mechanism includes: a flow path through which a cell suspension is made to flow; a liquid drive unit for sending the cell suspension which is in the flow path; and a computation unit for irradiating, with irradiation light from a light source, a cell suspension flowing through a flow cell, and for finding a cell survival rate in the cell suspension on the basis of a resulting forward scattered light intensity and transmittance and/or side scattered light intensity. The invention is provided with a calibration curve database for storing, in advance, respective calibration curves indicative of a relationship between viable cell concentration and forward scattered light intensity, a relationship between dead cell concentration and the transmittance, and a relationship between a cell survival rate and the side scattered light intensity.

Abstract: There is provided a wavelength variable light source system capable of changing wavelength and intensity of output signal light and of improving preset accuracy and stability of the wavelength and strength of the output signal light. The system determines the both or either one of a target value for controlling wavelength and a target value for controlling intensity of output signal light of a wavelength variable light source by correlating a combination of the target wavelength and the target light output intensity specified from a higher-level device and controls operation states of the wavelength variable light source so that output values of monitoring circuits for monitoring the operation state of the wavelength variable light source converge to the target values.

Abstract: Provided herein is an elementary analysis apparatus allowing size and weight reduction and capable of performing atomic adsorption spectrometry by an electrothermal method and of forming plasma without using a gas. A sample is supplied from a liquid feed portion through a flow channel to an atomizing portion, and a voltage is applied between electrodes. When the voltage is applied to the electrodes, electric current and electric field are concentrated in the atomizing portion and bubbles are generated to cause a plasma in the bubbles, and element in the sample is atomized by the plasma. Light that irradiates the atomizing portion from a light source and is transmitted therethrough is received, for example, by an optical fiber or the like and split by a spectrophotometer. The amount of the split light is detected by a detector and analyzed by a computer.

Abstract: There is provided a wavelength variable light source system capable of changing wavelength and intensity of output signal light and of improving preset accuracy and stability of the wavelength and strength of the output signal light. The system determines the both or either one of a target value for controlling wavelength and a target value for controlling intensity of output signal light of a wavelength variable light source by correlating a combination of the target wavelength and the target light output intensity specified from a higher-level device and controls operation states of the wavelength variable light source so that output values of monitoring circuit s for monitoring the operation state of the wavelength variable light source converge to the target values.

Abstract: An optical multiplexer/demultiplexer has a plurality of Mach-Zehnder optical interferometer multiplexing/demultiplexing circuits connected in plural stages, at least one of the plurality of Mach-Zehnder optical interferometer multiplexing/demultiplexing circuits including a first optical waveguide, a second optical waveguide disposed along the first optical waveguide, a first directional coupling portion that connects a first part of the first optical waveguide to a first part of the second optical waveguide, and a second directional coupling portion that connects a second part of the first optical waveguide to a second part of the second optical waveguide.

Abstract: An optical multiplexer/demultiplexer includes first and second directional coupling portions in which first and second optical waveguides are provided to transfer a light between the first and second optical waveguides. Lengths of the first and second optical waveguides have a difference (&Dgr;L). A product between the difference (&Dgr;L) and a refractive index (n) of the first and second optical waveguides approximates a product between a cross-propagation wavelength (&lgr;2) and a value (N′) substantially equal to an integer (N), and a product between a through-propagation wavelength (&lgr;1) and the value (N′)±0.5. Power coupling ratio differences are at least approximately 1% and at most approximately 10%. Third power coupling ratios with respect to an average wavelength of the cross-propagation wavelength (&lgr;2) and the through-propagation wavelength (&lgr;1) are at least approximately 45% and at most approximately 55%.

Abstract: Disclosed is a wavelength multiplexing module which provides stable multiplexed output power. The wavelength multiplexing module comprises a plurality of pumping sources for outputting lights of different wavelengths, and a wavelength multiplexer for multiplexing the lights output from the pumping sources. The wavelength multiplexer is provided with optical input sections for respectively receiving the lights output from the pumping sources. Respectively provided between the optical input sections and the pumping sources are depolarizers each of which causes a degree of polarization of the light output from an associated one of the pumping sources to approach zero. Each depolarizer has two polarization-maintaining optical fibers connected in series on an optical path in such a way that primary optic axes of the polarization-maintaining optical fibers obliquely intersect each other.

Abstract: An optical waveguide circuit capable of controlling polarization crosstalk is provided. An under cladding is formed on a silicon substrate (11). A core is formed on the under cladding and has a waveguide structure in which one or more optical input waveguides (12) arranged side by side are connected at their exit ends with a first slab guide (13), which is connected at its exit end with an arrayed waveguide (14) composed of plural channel waveguides (14a) that are different in length with the difference preset, and the arrayed waveguide (14) is connected at its exit end with a second slab waveguide (15), which is connected at its exit end with a plurality of optical output waveguides (16). The top of the core is covered with an over cladding to form an optical waveguide portion (10) composed of the under and over claddings and the core.

Abstract: An optical multiplexer/demultiplexer includes first and second directional coupling portions in which first and second optical waveguides are provided to transfer a light between the first and second optical waveguides. Lengths of the first and second optical waveguides have a difference (&Dgr;L). A product between the difference (&Dgr;L) and a refractive index (n) of the first and second optical waveguides approximates a product between a cross-propagation wavelength (&lgr;2) and a value (N′) substantially equal to an integer (N), and a product between a through-propagation wavelength (&lgr;1) and the value (N′)±0.5. Power coupling ratio differences are at least approximately 1% and at most approximately 10%. Third power coupling ratios with respect to an average wavelength of the cross-propagation wavelength (&lgr;2) and the through-propagation wavelength (&lgr;1) are at least approximately 45% and at most approximately 55%.

Abstract: An optical multiplexer/demultiplexer of the present invention is, for example, a low-cost optical multiplexer/demultiplexer with a low transmission loss, while a chip length of this optical multiplexer/demultiplexer is made short. In an optical multiplexer/demultiplexer in which plural stages of optical multiplexing/demultiplexing circuits 8 (8A to 8G) having Mach-Zehnder interferometer type waveguide structures are connected to each other, an averaged wavelength of cross transmission wavelengths is made longer an averaged wavelength of through transmission wavelengths in each stage of the optical multiplexing/demultiplexing circuits 8 (8A to 8G). In each stage of the optical multiplexing/demultiplexing circuits 8 (8A to 8G), a coupling efficiency of first and second directional coupling portions (1, 2) with respect to the averaged wavelength of the cross transmission wavelengths is set to approximately 50%.

Abstract: A hybrid optical waveguide circuit chip capable of predicting optical characteristics of a first optical waveguide circuit connected to optical elements where it is difficult to measure the optical characteristics. In the chip, a second optical waveguide circuit is disposed adjacent to the first optical waveguide circuit. One end face of the second optical waveguide circuit is terminated at one chip end face A of the chips, and at least one of the optical waveguide end faces at the other side of the second optical waveguide circuit is terminated at the other chip end face B of the chip, wherein the optical characteristics of the second optical waveguide circuit are measured, and the measured values are predicted as substantial optical characteristics of the first optical waveguide.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an optical wavelength multiplexing and dividing device of an array waveguide type diffraction lattice, which is capable of separating and picking up wavelength-multiplexed signals of various wavelengths, which are used in optical transmissions. An input side slab waveguide (3), a plurality of juxtaposed array waveguides (4), an output side slab waveguide (5) and a plurality of optical output waveguides (6) are connected, in order, to the outgoing sides of a plurality of optical input waveguides (2), thereby forming a waveguide pattern. The array waveguides (4) are formed so as to have lengths different from each other to cause the phases of individual lights to be deviated after propagating through the respective array type waveguides (4), wherein different lights as per wavelength are condensed at the incident ends (7) of optical output waveguides 6 by passing through the output side slab waveguides (5) and are outputted through the optical output waveguides (6).

Abstract: Disclosed is a wavelength multiplexing module which provides stable multiplexed output power. The wavelength multiplexing module comprises a plurality of pumping sources for outputting lights of different wavelengths, and a wavelength multiplexer for multiplexing the lights output from the pumping sources. The wavelength multiplexer is provided with optical input sections for respectively receiving the lights output from the pumping sources. Respectively provided between the optical input sections and the pumping sources are depolarizers each of which causes a degree of polarization of the light output from an associated one of the pumping sources to approach zero. Each depolarizer has two polarization-maintaining optical fibers connected in series on an optical path in such a way that primary optic axes of the polarization- maintaining optical fibers obliquely intersect each other.

Abstract: In one viewpoint, the invention is to provide an optical waveguide type directional coupler capable of reducing the wavelength dependency, the polarization dependency and variations in the coupling efficiency and to provide a small optical waveguide circuit using the same. An optical coupling part is provided in which a first optical waveguide and a second optical waveguide are arranged side by side to come close each other at the middle part in the longitudinal direction of the optical waveguides. At least one of the incident side of the first optical waveguide and the incident side of the second optical waveguide is adapted to be a light input part to the optical coupling part. At least one of the outgoing side of the first optical waveguide and the outgoing side of the second optical waveguide is adapted to be a light output part. The first and second optical waveguides in the optical coupling part are formed to be curved waveguide parts that project to the other optical waveguide side.

Abstract: An optical waveguide circuit capable of controlling polarization crosstalk is provided. An under cladding is formed on a silicon substrate (11). A core is formed on the under cladding and has a waveguide structure in which one or more optical input waveguides (12) arranged side by side are connected at their exit ends with a first slab guide (13), which is connected at its exit end with an arrayed waveguide (14) composed of plural channel waveguides (14a) that are different in length with the difference preset, and the arrayed waveguide (14) is connected at its exit end with a second slab waveguide (15), which is connected at its exit end with a plurality of optical output waveguides (16). The top of the core is covered with an over cladding to form an optical waveguide portion (10) composed of the under and over claddings and the core.

Abstract: An arrayed waveguide grating type optical multiplexer/demultiplexer includes input waveguides, an input-side slab waveguide, an arrayed waveguide diffraction grating, an output-side slab waveguide, and output waveguides. A junction between each input waveguide and the input-side slab waveguide is tapered such that the end portion of the input waveguide gradually widens in the width direction of the path toward the input-side slab waveguide, and includes two separate small-width waveguide portions arranged separately from the end portion of the input waveguide and extending in a line with taper of the tapered end portion, and a single large-width waveguide portion arranged separately from the small-width waveguide portions.