Abstract: Circuit boards including embedded transient voltage protection.

Abstract: A transient voltage suppression device includes a dielectric layer defining a receptacle for a variable impedance material proximate a gapped electrode. Methods for manufacturing the device and for formulating a variable voltage material at lower cost and with higher manufacturing yields is also provided.

Abstract: Provided are active balancing modules that control voltage imbalances between capacitors stacked in a series arrangement and methods for their manufacture. These modules are simple and inexpensive to manufacture, and versatile. They may be used alone or they may be combined together to form a multi-module active balancing circuitry for a plurality of capacitors stacked in a series arrangement. The modules may further be aligned in either a side-by-side topology or an overlapping topology.

Abstract: A low resistance fuse apparatus and methods of manufacture includes a first intermediate insulation layer, a second intermediate insulation layer, and a free standing fuse element layer independently formed and fabricated from each of the first and second intermediate insulation layers, The fuse element layer includes first and second contact pads and a fusible link extending therebetween. The first and second intermediate insulation layers extend on opposite sides of the free standing fuse element layer and are laminated together with the fuse element layer therebetween.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for making a liquid crystal light valve in which the electro-optically active element is a liquid crystal composite sandwiched between two electrodes. The liquid crystal composite comprises plural volumes of liquid crystal material dispersed in a polymer matrix. By use of a tie layer, the problem of stress clearing is markedly reduced or eliminated. The tie layer material can be either a liquid crystal material or a telomer, crosslinkable or otherwise.

Abstract: A multipurpose liquid crystal display, suitable for use as a reflective display and as overhead projection panel, includes (a) a first transparent electrode means; (b) a second transparent electrode means; (c) a display medium positioned between the first and second transparent electrode means, which display medium is switchable between a first state in which incident light is scattered and a second state in which the amount of such scattering is reduced; (d) a retroreflector removably positioned behind the second transparent electrode means; and (e) means for removably positioning the retroreflector behind the second transparent electrode. Preferably, the display medium comprises positive dielectric anisotropy, operationally nematic liquid crystals dispersed in a containment medium.