Abstract: An integrated reference electrode for use in an electrochemical measurement system, comprising: a reference electrode in combination with a hygroscopic hydrogel electrolyte impregnated and contained in a porous framework, wherein the hygroscopic hydrogel electrolyte is adapted to contact the reference electrode when in a hydrated state. Also, an ion selective membrane with an aromatic epoxy polymer made from one or more monomers having at least one epoxide group, and a chloride salt or a silver—silver chloride physically trapped in the aromatic epoxy polymer. On contact with water the aromatic epoxy polymer forms a network of channels for ion exchange. The membrane may be used between an electrolyte and an external fluid environment; or the membrane may be coated upon the surface of a reference electrode.

Abstract: An electro-optic display comprising at least two separate layers of electro-optic material, with one of these layers being capable of displaying at least one optical state which cannot be displayed by the other layer. The display is driven by a single set of electrodes between which both layers are sandwiched, the two layers being controllable at least partially independently of one another. Another form of the invention uses three different types of particles within a single electrophoretic layer, with the three types of particles being arranged to shutter independently of one another.

Abstract: An electro-optic display comprising at least two separate layers of electro-optic material, with one of these layers being capable of displaying at least one optical state which cannot be displayed by the other layer. The display is driven by a single set of electrodes between which both layers are sandwiched, the two layers being controllable at least partially independently of one another. Another form of the invention uses three different types of particles within a single electrophoretic layer, with the three types of particles being arranged to shutter independently of one another.

Abstract: Methods are presented which use impedance flow cytometry for rapid susceptibility testing of antimicrobial agents including phage, antimicrobial peptides and rapid analysis of antimicrobial mediated serum bactericidal assays.

Abstract: A wearable antenna is described, for wirelessly receiving sensor data generated by an implantable sensor device implanted in a uterus, the wearable antenna, in use, extending around the waist of the wearer's body, and having a downwardly extending portion for location at the front of the wearer's body. In this way, an improved electromagnetic interaction between the wearable antenna and the implantable sensor can be achieved. Further, the wearable antenna may have an undulating shape around at least a portion of the wearer's waist, to permit expansion and contraction of the wearable antenna about the wearer's waist.

Abstract: An intra-uterine monitoring system is described. The system comprises an implantable sensor device, shaped and dimensioned for implantation in a uterus for measuring conditions within the uterus to generate sensor data, and a wearable receiver device, for wirelessly receiving the sensor data generated by the implantable sensor device. In this way, real-time, in-vivo monitoring of the intra-uterine environment can be performed. The implantable sensor device can be kept small and simple, requiring only the mechanical and electronic structures necessary to take sensor measurements and transmit those to the receiver device. By making the receiver device wearable, it can be kept in relatively close proximity to the implantable sensor device on a long-term basis, making regular monitoring viable.

Abstract: Impedance flow cytometry apparatus comprises: a flow channel for carrying a flow of fluid comprising particles suspended in an electrolyte from an inlet to an outlet; a first electrode group and a second electrode group, each electrode group providing first and second current paths through fluid flowing in the flow channel; wherein each electrode group comprises: a first signal electrode to provide to the first current path a first electrical signal of frequency, magnitude and phase; a second signal electrode to provide to the second current path a second electrical signal of substantially equal frequency and magnitude as the first electrical signal and of opposite phase to the first electrical signal; and one or more measurement electrodes to detect current flow in the first current path and the second current path and produce a summed signal representing the sum of the current flow in the first current path and the current flow in the second current path; wherein the first electrode group produces a first s

Abstract: A method of antimicrobial susceptibility testing comprises: preparing samples of microorganisms suspended in an electrolyte, comprising a first sample of the microorganisms unexposed to antimicrobial agents and a second sample of the microorganisms exposed to an antimicrobial agent; passing the first sample through an impedance flow cytometer to obtain a first impedance signal representing one or more components of impedance values of the unexposed microorganisms; passing the second sample through the impedance flow cytometer to obtain a second impedance signal representing one or more components of the impedance values of the exposed microorganisms; comparing the first impedance signal and the second impedance signal; and determining a susceptibility of the microorganisms to the antimicrobial agent based on any differences between the first impedance signal and second impedance signal.

Abstract: An electro-optic display comprising at least two separate layers of electro-optic material, with one of these layers being capable of displaying at least one optical state which cannot be displayed by the other layer. The display is driven by a single set of electrodes between which both layers are sandwiched, the two layers being controllable at least partially independently of one another. Another form of the invention uses three different types of particles within a single electrophoretic layer, with the three types of particles being arranged to shutter independently of one another.

Abstract: An electro-optic display comprising at least two separate layers of electro-optic material, with one of these layers being capable of displaying at least one optical state which cannot be displayed by the other layer. The display is driven by a single set of electrodes between which both layers are sandwiched, the two layers being controllable at least partially independently of one another. Another form of the invention uses three different types of particles within a single electrophoretic layer, with the three types of particles being arranged to shutter independently of one another.

Abstract: A wearable antenna is described, for wirelessly receiving sensor data generated by an implantable sensor device implanted in a uterus, the wearable antenna, in use, extending around the waist of the wearer's body, and having a downwardly extending portion for location at the front of the wearer's body. In this way, an improved electromagnetic interaction between the wearable antenna and the implantable sensor can be achieved. Further, the wearable antenna may have an undulating shape around at least a portion of the wearer's waist, to permit expansion and contraction of the wearable antenna about the wearer's waist.

Abstract: A microfluidic device is provided for studying primary human airway cells cultured at the air-liquid interface defined in the device by a barrier between an apical and basolateral compartment provided by a porous support for growing a cell layer. Within the chip, a liquid flow channel is provided through the basolateral compartment. Primary measurement electrodes are arranged widely spaced apart in the basolateral compartment to cause a significant component of electrical current flowing between them to flow via the cell layer. Secondary measurement electrodes are also provided to make comparative measurements which are used to deduce parameters that are relevant for the equivalent circuit model use for analysing the data obtained from the primary measurement electrodes. The microfluidic device has a modular construction of substrate, spacer and sidewall piece, with the electrodes being formed on the substrate, and the substrate and spacer co-defining the flow channel.

Abstract: A pH sensor for measuring pH levels within a measurement environment is described. The sensor comprises a reference electrode, a pH sensitive electrode, and a controller, for measuring the potential difference between the pH sensitive electrode and the reference electrode, the measured potential difference being indicative of a pH level at the pH sensitive electrode. The controller is operable to apply a voltage across first and second electrodes to control the pH level at the pH sensitive electrode, and to measure the potential difference between the pH sensitive electrode and the reference electrode following the application of the recalibration voltage. In this way, recalibration of the pH sensor is possible within the measurement environment.

Abstract: An intra-uterine monitoring system is described. The system comprises an implantable sensor device, shaped and dimensioned for implantation in a uterus for measuring conditions within the uterus to generate sensor data, and a wearable receiver device, for wirelessly receiving the sensor data generated by the implantable sensor device. In this way, real-time, in-vivo monitoring of the intra-uterine environment can be performed. The implantable sensor device can be kept small and simple, requiring only the mechanical and electronic structures necessary to take sensor measurements and transmit those to the receiver device. By making the receiver device wearable, it can be kept in relatively close proximity to the implantable sensor device on a long-term basis, making regular monitoring viable.

Abstract: An electro-optic display comprising at least two separate layers of electro-optic material, with one of these layers being capable of displaying at least one optical state which cannot be displayed by the other layer. The display is driven by a single set of electrodes between which both layers are sandwiched, the two layers being controllable at least partially independently of one another. Another form of the invention uses three different types of particles within a single electrophoretic layer, with the three types of particles being arranged to shutter independently of one another.

Abstract: A method of electrically measuring the electrical properties of individual particles flowing in a liquid, which method comprises: (i) providing apparatus (3) which is for electrically measuring the individual particles and which has: (a) a fluidic channel (5) for receiving a liquid (6) having the individual particles (4) in suspension in the liquid (6); (b) a first electrode arrangement (8) having at least one measurement electrode (16) and at least one signal electrode (11); and (c) at least one other electrode arrangement (9) having at least one measurement electrode (18) and at least one signal electrode (13); (ii) providing a flow of the liquid (6) through the fluidic channel (5); (iii) applying a first electrical signal through the liquid (6) and along a first conduction path between the measurement electrode (16) and the signal electrode (11) of the first electrode arrangement (8); (iv) applying an electrical signal through the liquid (6) and along at least one other conduction path; (v) comparing the e

Abstract: Apparatus (3) for electrically measuring individual particles (4) flowing in a liquid (6), which apparatus (3) comprises: (i) a fluidic channel (5) for receiving a liquid (6) having the individual particles (4) in suspension in the liquid (6); (ii) a first electrode arrangement (8) having at least one measurement electrode (16) and at least one signal electrode (11); (iii) at least one other electrode arrangement (9) having at least one measurement electrode and at least one signal electrode (13); (iv) at least one signal conditioning electrode (10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19) positioned adjacent to at least one of the measurement electrodes (16, 18) or at least one of the signal electrode (9); and (v) measuring means (20, 21) for measuring electrical signal changes; and the apparatus (3) being such that: (vi) the first and the other electrode arrangements (8, 9) are connected to the measuring means (20, 21) whereby individual particles passing between the first and other electrode arrangements (8, 9) cause a change

Abstract: An electro-optic display comprising at least two separate layers of electro-optic material, with one of these layers being capable of displaying at least one optical state which cannot be displayed by the other layer. The display is driven by a single set of electrodes between which both layers are sandwiched, the two layers being controllable at least partially independently of one another. Another form of the invention uses three different types of particles within a single electrophoretic layer, with the three types of particles being arranged to shutter independently of one another.

Abstract: An electro-optic display comprising at least two separate layers of electro-optic material, with one of these layers being capable of displaying at least one optical state which cannot be displayed by the other layer. The display is driven by a single set of electrodes between which both layers are sandwiched, the two layers being controllable at least partially independently of one another. Another form of the invention uses three different types of particles within a single electrophoretic layer, with the three types of particles being arranged to shutter independently of one another.

Abstract: Apparatus (2) for sensing at least one parameter in water, which apparatus comprises: (i) a conductivity sensor (6) for sensing conductivity in the water; (ii) a dissolved oxygen sensor (4) for sensing dissolved oxygen in the water; (iii) a glass substrate (14); and (iv) the conductivity sensor (6) and the dissolved oxygen sensor (4) are fabricated on the glass substrate (14) using photolithography and etching.