Abstract: This specification relates to systems and methods for determining eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a covariance matrix, for example for use in eigen-beamforming in MIMO systems. According to a first aspect of this specification, there is describes a method comprising: receiving an input covariance matrix; and determining one or more eigenvalues and/or eigenvectors of the matrix iteratively using gradient ascent, wherein each iteration of the gradient ascent has a step size, ?, that maximises a Rayleigh quotient along the gradient.

Abstract: Identification of communication participants may be an important aspect of various communication systems. For example, fifth generation (5G) wireless communication systems may benefit from suitable recipient identification. A method can include obtaining data bits to be communicated to a target device. The method can also include obtaining identification bits corresponding to at least one of sender or receiver of the data bits. The method can further include multiplexing the data bits with the identification bits.

Abstract: The proposed solution includes storing for a given number of modulation methods, for each modulation symbol, information on neighboring symbols in the symbol constellation of the modulation method, receiving as an input a Multiple Input Multiple Output signal including modulation symbols in two or more layers; providing hard decisions of the modulation symbols for each layer; determining neighbors for each hard decision; for each hard decision of a layer, going through at least some of the neighbors and evaluating a cost function, selecting a symbol based on the evaluation and repeating this for each layer.

Abstract: The proposed solution relates to a method and an apparatus in a communication system. The solution includes receiving as an input a frame including of a set of data symbols and reference symbols, each data symbol forming a rectangular symbol constellation of samples, derotating the first symbol of the set on the basis of the reference symbols, and setting phase rotating angle of the first symbol as zero. The solution further includes for each following successive symbol in the set of symbols: performing equalization; reducing the number of samples in the constellation by selecting samples in two or more corners of the constellation by utilizing two or more threshold values; estimating the phase rotating angle of the symbol from the reduced number of samples and derotating the symbol on the basis of the determined phase rotating angle.

Abstract: Identification of communication participants may be an important aspect of various communication systems. For example, fifth generation (5G) wireless communication systems may benefit from suitable recipient identification. A method can include obtaining data bits to be communicated to a target device. The method can also include obtaining identification bits corresponding to at least one of sender or receiver of the data bits. The method can further include multiplexing the data bits with the identification bits.

Abstract: The proposed solution relates to a method and an apparatus in a communication system. The solution includes receiving as an input a frame including of a set of data symbols and reference symbols, each data symbol forming a rectangular symbol constellation of samples, derotating the first symbol of the set on the basis of the reference symbols, and setting phase rotating angle of the first symbol as zero. The solution further includes for each following successive symbol in the set of symbols: performing equalization; reducing the number of samples in the constellation by selecting samples in two or more corners of the constellation by utilising two or more threshold values; estimating the phase rotating angle of the symbol from the reduced number of samples and derotating the symbol on the basis of the determined phase rotating angle.

Abstract: According to an example implementation, a method includes: receiving, at an apparatus, information from a node, the information defining a mode of operation for communicating scheduling information; and configuring transmission and reception periods of scheduling information at the apparatus in dependence on the mode of operation.

Abstract: The invention provides methods, a network device and radio station for spectrum resource allocation in a network employing spectrum sharing among at least a primary and secondary system, including scanning, by a network device of the secondary system, a specific frequency range of a candidate band of the primary system, estimating, by the network device, interference level on the scanned candidate band of the primary system, determining position of the network device, and transmitting the estimation result to a radio station of the secondary system.

Abstract: According to an example implementation, a method includes: receiving, at an apparatus, information from a node, said information defining a mode of operation for communicating scheduling information; and configuring transmission and reception periods of scheduling information at said apparatus in dependence on the mode of operation.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and computer program for continuing transmission during handover are presented. A communication connection is established between a source base station and a mobile relay base station comprising a distributed antenna system (DAS). The DAS includes multiple spatially distributed antenna units (DAUs), wherein at least part of the DAUs are used for forming a cluster of sub-cells within a coverage area of the mobile relay base station and at least part of the DAUs are used for communicating with a fixed cellular network infrastructure over multiple backhaul links. A first backhaul link is then handed over from the source base station to a target base station. After the handover, data transfer between the source base station and at least one backhaul link still linked to the source base station is continued, and remaining backhaul link(s) are released from the source base station according to a determined criterion.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and computer program for continuing transmission during handover are presented. A communication connection is established between a source base station and a mobile relay base station comprising a distributed antenna system (DAS). The DAS includes multiple spatially distributed antenna units (DAUs), wherein at least part of the DAUs are used for forming a cluster of sub-cells within a coverage area of the mobile relay base station and at least part of the DAUs are used for communicating with a fixed cellular network infrastructure over multiple backhaul links. A first backhaul link is then handed over from the source base station to a target base station. After the handover, data transfer between the source base station and at least one backhaul link still linked to the source base station is continued, and remaining backhaul link(s) are released from the source base station according to a determined criterion.

Abstract: The invention provides methods, a network device and radio station for spectrum resource allocation in a network employing spectrum sharing among at least a primary and secondary system, including scanning, by a network device of the secondary system, a specific frequency range of a candidate band of the primary system, estimating, by the network device, interference level on the scanned candidate band of the primary system, determining position of the network device, and transmitting the estimation result to a radio station of the secondary system.