Abstract: Described herein is a method of treating an individual with inactive thyroid eye disease (TED), the method comprising administering to an individual with inactive or chronic TED an insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) inhibitor, thereby treating the inactive or chronic TED.

Abstract: A method includes brominating a butanes feed stream including i-butane in a bromination reactor to form a bromination effluent stream including t-butyl bromide. The method includes dehydrobrominating the t-butyl bromide to form isobutylene. Another method includes brominating a mixed pentanes feed stream including i-pentane and n-pentane in a bromination reactor to form a bromination effluent stream including t-pentyl bromide. The method includes dehydrobrominating the t-pentyl bromide to form isoamylene and HBr.

Abstract: A method includes brominating a butanes feed stream including i-butane in a bromination reactor to form a bromination effluent stream including t-butyl bromide. The method includes dehydrobrominating the t-butyl bromide to form isobutylene. Another method includes brominating a mixed pentanes feed stream including i-pentane and n-pentane in a bromination reactor to form a bromination effluent stream including t-pentyl bromide. The method includes dehydrobrominating the t-pentyl bromide to form isoamylene and HBr.

Abstract: A method includes brominating a butanes feed stream including i-butane in a bromination reactor to form a bromination effluent stream including t-butyl bromide. The method includes dehydrobrominating the t-butyl bromide to form isobutylene. Another method includes brominating a mixed pentanes feed stream including i-pentane and n-pentane in a bromination reactor to form a bromination effluent stream including t-pentyl bromide. The method includes dehydrobrominating the t-pentyl bromide to form isoamylene and HBr.

Abstract: A method includes brominating a butanes feed stream including i-butane in a bromination reactor to form a bromination effluent stream including t-butyl bromide. The method includes dehydrobrominating the t-butyl bromide to form isobutylene. Another method includes brominating a mixed pentanes feed stream including i-pentane and n-pentane in a bromination reactor to form a bromination effluent stream including t-pentyl bromide. The method includes dehydrobrominating the t-pentyl bromide to form isoamylene and HBr.

Abstract: Olefins and diolefins, such as 1,3-butiadiene, may be produced by a method utilizing a series of bromination and dehydrobromination reactions. Bromine may be reacted with n-butane to form dibromobutane. The dibromobutanes may be dehydrobrominating to form 1,3-butadiene. The method may include reacting butene with bromine to form bromobutenes, and dehydrobrominating the bromobutenes to form 1,3-butadiene. The method may include reacting butene with hydrogen bromide in the presence of oxygen to form bromobutenes, and dehydrobrominating the bromobutenes to form 1,3-butadiene. The method may include reacting butene with bromine to form dibromobutanes, and dehydrobrominating the dibromobutanes to form 1,3-butadiene.

Abstract: A method can include reacting a stream including one or more C3 to C10 alkanes with bromine in a bromination reactor to form a bromination reactor discharge stream that includes alkylbromides and HBr. The method further includes coupling the alkylbromides in a coupling reactor to form a coupling reactor effluent comprising alkylbromides having between 5 and about 1000 carbon atoms, olefins having between 5 and about 1000 carbon atoms and HBr. The method also includes hydrogenating the alkylbromides having between 5 and about 1000 carbon atoms and olefins having between 5 and about 1000 carbon atoms to form alkanes having between 5 and about 1000 carbon atoms and HBr.

Abstract: Olefins and diolefins, such as 1,3-butiadiene, may be produced by a method utilizing a series of bromination and dehydrobromination reactions. Bromine may be reacted with n-butane to form dibromobutane. The dibromobutanes may be dehydrobrominating to form 1,3-butadiene. The method may include reacting butene with bromine to form bromobutenes, and dehydrobrominating the bromobutenes to form 1,3-butadiene. The method may include reacting butene with hydrogen bromide in the presence of oxygen to form bromobutenes, and dehydrobrominating the bromobutenes to form 1,3-butadiene. The method may include reacting butene with bromine to form dibromobutanes, and dehydrobrominating the dibromobutanes to form 1,3-butadiene.

Abstract: A process is disclosed that includes brominating a C2, C3, C4, C5 or C6 alkane with elemental bromine to form a bromo-alkane. The bromo-alkane is reacted to form a C2, C3, C4, C5 or C6 alkene and HBr. The HBr is oxidized to form elemental bromine.

Abstract: A process is disclosed that includes brominating a C2, C3 , C4, C5 or C6 alkane with elemental bromine to form a bromo-alkane. The bromo-alkane is reacted to form a C2, C3, C4, C5 or C6 alkene and HBr. The HBr is oxidized to form elemental bromine.

Abstract: A process is disclosed that includes brominating a C2, C3, C4, C5 or C6 alkane with elemental bromine to form a bromo-alkane. The bromo-alkane is reacted to form a C2, C3, C4, C5 or C6 alkene and HBr. The HBr is oxidized to form elemental bromine.

Abstract: A method can include reacting a stream including one or more C3 to C10 alkanes with bromine in a bromination reactor to form a bromination reactor discharge stream that includes alkylbromides and HBr. The method further includes coupling the alkylbromides in a coupling reactor to form a coupling reactor effluent comprising alkylbromides having between 5 and about 1000 carbon atoms, olefins having between 5 and about 1000 carbon atoms and HBr. The method also includes hydrogenating the alkylbromides having between 5 and about 1000 carbon atoms and olefins having between 5 and about 1000 carbon atoms to form alkanes having between 5 and about 1000 carbon atoms and HBr.

Abstract: A method comprising providing a halogen stream; providing a first alkane stream; reacting at least a portion of the halogen stream with at least a portion of the first alkane stream to form a halogenated stream, wherein the halogenated stream comprises alkyl monohalides, alkyl polyhalides, and a hydrogen halide; providing a second alkane stream; and reacting at least a portion of the second alkane stream with at least a portion of the alkyl polyhalides to create at least some additional alkyl monohalides.

Abstract: A method comprising: providing a first halogen stream; providing a first alkane stream; reacting at least a portion of the first halogen stream with at least a portion of the first alkane stream in a first reaction vessel to form a first halogenated stream; providing a second alkane stream comprising C2 and higher hydrocarbons; providing a second halogen stream; and reacting at least a portion of the second halogen stream with at least a portion of the second alkane stream in a second reaction vessel to form a second halogenated stream.

Abstract: Improvements in previously disclosed methods of and apparatuses for converting alkanes, alkenes, and aromatics to olefins, alcohols, ethers, and aldehydes includes: safety improvements, use of alternative feedstocks, process simplification, improvements to the halogenation step, improvements to the reproportionation step, improvements to the solid oxide reaction, improvements to solid oxide regeneration, improvements in separations, maintenance, start-up, shut-down, and materials of construction.

Abstract: A process is disclosed that includes brominating a C2, C3, C4, C5 or C6 alkane with elemental bromine to form a bromo-alkane. The bromo-alkane is reacted to form a C2, C3, C4, C5 or C6 alkene and HBr. The HBr is oxidized to form elemental bromine.

Abstract: A method comprising providing a halogen stream; providing a first alkane stream; reacting at least a portion of the halogen stream with at least a portion of the first alkane stream to form a halogenated stream, wherein the halogenated stream comprises alkyl monohalides, alkyl polyhalides, and a hydrogen halide; providing a second alkane stream; and reacting at least a portion of the second alkane stream with at least a portion of the alkyl polyhalides to create at least some additional alkyl monohalides.

Abstract: A method comprising providing a halogen stream; providing a first alkane stream; reacting at least a portion of the halogen stream with at least a portion of the first alkane stream to form a halogenated stream, wherein the halogenated stream comprises alkyl monohalides, alkyl polyhalides, and a hydrogen halide; providing a second alkane stream; and reacting at least a portion of the second alkane stream with at least a portion of the alkyl polyhalides to create at least some additional alkyl monohalides.

Abstract: Improvements in previously disclosed methods of and apparatuses for converting alkanes, alkenes, and aromatics to olefins, alcohols, ethers, and aldehydes includes: safety improvements, use of alternative feedstocks, process simplification, improvements to the halogenation step, improvements to the reproportionation step, improvements to the solid oxide reaction, improvements to solid oxide regeneration, improvements in separations, maintenance, start-up, shut-down, and materials of construction.

Abstract: A method of synthesizing hydrocarbons from smaller hydrocarbons includes the steps of hydrocarbon halogenation, simultaneous oligomerization and hydrogen halide neutralization, and product recovery, with a metal-oxygen cataloreactant used to facilitate carbon-carbon coupling. Treatment with air or oxygen liberates halogen and regenerates the cataloreactant.