Abstract: A fortified date fruit product includes date fruit sugar and one or more mineral phosphate nanostructures. The mineral phosphate nanostructures can be selected from one or more of calcium phosphate, zinc phosphate, and iron phosphate nanostructures, among others. The mineral phosphate nanostructures can have a particle size ranging from about 5 nm to about 100 nm, e.g., about 5 nm to about 20 nm, about 50 nm to about 100 nm, and about 75 nm to about 100 nm.

Abstract: A lignin-zinc oxide nanohybrid may be formed by sonication of isolated lignin derived from Phoenix dactylifera biomass in an aqueous solution of a soluble zinc salt. The lignin-zinc oxide nanohybrid emulsion or nanoemulsion may then be formed by mixing the lignin-zinc oxide nanohybrid with oil and a stabilizing surfactant and sonicating. The lignin-zinc oxide nanohybrid emulsion effectively bocks UV radiation across the UV spectrum and might therefore be used for UV protection as a sunscreen.

Abstract: A lignin-zinc oxide nanohybrid may be formed by sonication of isolated lignin derived from Phoenix dactylifera biomass in an aqueous solution of a soluble zinc salt. The lignin-zinc oxide nanohybrid emulsion or nanoemulsion may then be formed by mixing the lignin-zinc oxide nanohybrid with oil and a stabilizing surfactant and sonicating. The lignin-zinc oxide nanohybrid emulsion effectively bocks UV radiation across the UV spectrum and might therefore be used for UV protection as a sunscreen.

Abstract: The method for producing noble metal nanocomposites involves reducing noble metal ions (Ag, Au and Pt) on graphene oxide (GO) or carbon nanotubes (CNT) by using Artocarpus integer leaves extract as a reducing agent. As synthesized MNPs/GO and MNPs/CNT composites have been characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) imaging, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The TEM images of prepared materials showed that the nanocomposites were 1-30 nm in size with spherical nanoparticles embedded on the surface of GO and CNT. This synthetic route is easy and rapid for preparing a variety of nanocomposites. The method avoids use of toxic chemicals, and the prepared nanocomposites can be used for biosensor, fuel cell, and biomedical applications.

Abstract: The method for producing noble metal nanocomposites involves reducing noble metal ions (Ag, Au and Pt) on graphene oxide (GO) or carbon nanotubes (CNT) by using Artocarpus integer leaves extract as a reducing agent. As synthesized MNPs/GO and MNPs/CNT composites have been characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) imaging, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The TEM images of prepared materials showed that the nanocomposites were 1-30 nm in size with spherical nanoparticles embedded on the surface of GO and CNT. This synthetic route is easy and rapid for preparing a variety of nanocomposites. The method avoids use of toxic chemicals, and the prepared nanocomposites can be used for biosensor, fuel cell, and biomedical applications.

Abstract: The pH sensing biofilms include anthocyanin and a cellulose nanostructure or a cellulose nanocomposite. The cellulose nanostructure can include cellulose nanofibrils. The cellulose nanocomposite can include a composite of cellulose nanofibrils and pectin or a composite of cellulose nanofibrils and alginate. The presence of the anthocyanin in the biofilm allows the biofilm to change color in response to pH changes, thereby allowing the biofilm to be used as an active visual indicator of decay.

Abstract: The fabrication of nanostructures from fish waste is a method of co-fabricating C-dots and hydroxyapatite from fish scales. The method includes hydrothermal treatment of fish scales to simultaneously produce hydroxyapatite nanostructures and C-dot nanostructures. The C-dots may be used as probes for fluorescent imaging. The hydroxyapatite nanostructures may be used for tissue engineering applications.

Abstract: The pH sensing biofilms include anthocyanin and a cellulose nanostructure or a cellulose nanocomposite. The cellulose nanostructure can include cellulose nanofibrils. The cellulose nanocomposite can include a composite of cellulose nanofibrils and pectin or a composite of cellulose nanofibrils and alginate. The presence of the anthocyanin in the biofilm allows the biofilm to change color in response to pH changes, thereby allowing the biofilm to be used as an active visual indicator of decay.

Abstract: A fortified date fruit product includes date fruit sugar and one or more mineral phosphate nanostructures. The mineral phosphate nanostructures can be selected from one or more of calcium phosphate, zinc phosphate, and iron phosphate nanostructures, among others. The mineral phosphate nanostructures can have a particle size ranging from about 5 nm to about 100 nm, e.g., about 5 nm to about 20 nm, about 50 nm to about 100 nm, and about 75 nm to about 100 nm.

Abstract: The method for producing noble metal nanocomposites involves reducing noble metal ions (Ag, Au and Pt) on graphene oxide (GO) or carbon nanotubes (CNT) by using Artocarpus integer leaves extract as a reducing agent. As synthesized MNPs/GO and MNPs/CNT composites have been characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) imaging, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The TEM images of prepared materials showed that the nanocomposites were 1-30 nm in size with spherical nanoparticles embedded on the surface of GO and CNT. This synthetic route is easy and rapid for preparing a variety of nanocomposites. The method avoids use of toxic chemicals, and the prepared nanocomposites can be used for biosensor, fuel cell, and biomedical applications.

Abstract: The method for producing noble metal nanocomposites involves reducing noble metal ions (Ag, Au and Pt) on graphene oxide (GO) or carbon nanotubes (CNT) by using Artocarpus integer leaves extract as a reducing agent. As synthesized MNPs/GO and MNPs/CNT composites have been characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) imaging, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The TEM images of prepared materials showed that the nanocomposites were 1-30 nm in size with spherical nanoparticles embedded on the surface of GO and CNT. This synthetic route is easy and rapid for preparing a variety of nanocomposites. The method avoids use of toxic chemicals, and the prepared nanocomposites can be used for biosensor, fuel cell, and biomedical applications.

Abstract: The method of fabricating biocompatible cellulose nanofibrils produces cellulose nanofibrils from used agro-waste Borassus flabellifer leaf stalks. The method uses a three-step process, including alkali treatment, bleaching, and acid hydrolysis to produce cellulose nanofibrils, which may be converted to pellets for storage. The pellets may be converted to a transparent film for cell attachment by dispersion in water and heating in a hot air oven. Testing shows that cellulose nanofibrils made by the method easily attract human mesenchymal stem cells and will be applicable for skin tissue engineering applications.

Abstract: The pH sensing biofilms include anthocyanin and a cellulose nanostructure or a cellulose nanocomposite. The cellulose nanostructure can include cellulose nanofibrils. The cellulose nanocomposite can include a composite of cellulose nanofibrils and pectin or a composite of cellulose nanofibrils and alginate. The presence of the anthocyanin in the biofilm allows the biofilm to change color in response to pH changes, thereby allowing the biofilm to be used as an active visual indicator of decay.

Abstract: A method of synthesizing nanostructures from agro-waste can include providing powdered Phoenix dactylifera agro-waste; mixing the powdered Phoenix dactylifera agro-waste with a liquid to provide a Phoenix dactylifera agro-waste solution; heating the Phoenix dactylifera agro-waste solution in a hydrothermal autoclave to provide a heated solution; and centrifuging the heated solution to provide a liquid fraction and a solid fraction. The liquid fraction can include a first plurality of nanostructures. The first plurality of nanostructures can include C-dots. The solid fraction can be further processed to provide a second plurality of nanostructures and a third plurality of nanostructures. The second plurality of nanostructures can include lignin nanoparticles. The third plurality of nanostructures can include cellulose nanocrystals. The nanostructures can be used in various applications, such as three dimensional cell culture, UV-protecting textiles, and bio-imaging.

Abstract: A method of producing cellulose nanostructures includes obtaining Bassia eriophora plant biomass and treating the Bassia eriophora plant biomass to produce the cellulose nanostructures. The cellulose nanostructures can be used as a three-dimensional scaffold for growing three-dimensional cell cultures, such as human mesenchymal stem cell cultures. The cellulose nanostructures can be cellulose nanofibrils.

Abstract: An anti-cancer agent having the formula: wherein Ph is a phenyl group and Ar is an aromatic group independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl, 2-bromophenyl, 4-bromophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 2,4, dichlorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 2-methylphenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 2 methoxyphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, and 3-nitrophenyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Abstract: The method for producing noble metal nanocomposites involves reducing noble metal ions (Ag, Au and Pt) on graphene oxide (GO) or carbon nanotubes (CNT) by using Artocarpus integer leaves extract as a reducing agent. As synthesized MNPs/GO and MNPs/CNT composites have been characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) imaging, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The TEM images of prepared materials showed that the nanocomposites were 1-30 nm in size with spherical nanoparticles embedded on the surface of GO and CNT. This synthetic route is easy and rapid for preparing a variety of nanocomposites. The method avoids use of toxic chemicals, and the prepared nanocomposites can be used for biosensor, fuel cell, and biomedical applications.

Abstract: The method of making a three-dimensional, leaf-based scaffold for three-dimensional cell cultures includes washing a quantity of Ficus religiosa leaves, then treating the washed Ficus religiosa leaves in a sodium hydroxide solution to obtain alkali-treated Ficus religiosa leaves. The alkali-treated Ficus religiosa leaves are washed, and then superficial tissue is removed from the alkali-treated Ficus religiosa leaves to obtain Ficus religiosa leaf skeletons. The Ficus religiosa leaf skeletons are dried and then consecutively immersed in distilled water, a phosphate buffer saline solution, and plain Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) to form the three-dimensional scaffolds for three-dimensional cell cultures. Each three-dimensional scaffold can be used for growing three-dimensional cell cultures, such as human mesenchymal stem cell cultures.

Abstract: The method for producing noble metal nanocomposites involves reducing noble metal ions (Ag, Au and Pt) on graphene oxide (GO) or carbon nanotubes (CNT) by using Artocarpus integrifolia leaves extract as a reducing agent. As synthesized MNPs/GO and MNPs/CNT composites have been characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) imaging, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The TEM images of prepared materials showed that the nanocomposites were 1-30 nm in size with spherical nanoparticles embedded on the surface of GO and CNT. This synthetic route is easy and rapid for preparing a variety of nanocomposites. The method avoids use of toxic chemicals, and the prepared nanocomposites can be used for biosensor, fuel cell, and biomedical applications.

Abstract: A method of producing biogenic silica nanoparticles comprises pretreating seed hulls of a biogenic source with an acid to form acid-treated seed hulls; placing the acid-treated seed hulls in an autoclave at a temperature greater than 100° C. for about 2 hours under a fixed pressure; isolating the seed hulls; washing the seed hulls with water; air drying the seed hulls; calcining the seed hulls at a temperature range of 500° C. to 700° C. for at least one hour in a furnace to produce biogenic silica nanoparticles. The biogenic silica nano-particles are amorphous and biocompatible possessing a particle sizes in the range of 25-75 nm.