Abstract: This document describes techniques and apparatuses directed at stateful hash-based signing with a single public key and multiple independent signers. Upon obtaining a Leighton-Micali signature (LMS) randomized parameter, a provisioning server may share the LMS randomized parameter among multiple signers. Next, the provisioning server may associate a unique, starting leaf index number to each signer and notify each of the signers. The signers may then create a random SEED for Leighton-Micali one-time signature (LM-OTS) signatures and generate local LM-OTS and LMS public keys. After generating the local public keys, the signers may share local LMS public keys with the provisioning server. Upon receipt of the local LMS public keys, the provisioning server may then order the local LMS public keys and generate a common LMS public key. The provisioning server can then provision the ordered list, the common LMS public key, and a Merkle tree path to each of the signers.