Abstract: An integrated circuit including a standard cell including: a metal layer including a pattern extending in a first horizontal direction and a plurality of tracks spaced apart from one another in a second horizontal direction, wherein the plurality of tracks include a plurality of cell tracks and one power distribution network (PDN) track, wherein cell patterns are formed on the plurality of cell tracks, and a PDN pattern or a routing pattern is formed on the one power distribution network (PDN) track, wherein a first pattern is spaced apart from a cell boundary of the standard cell by a first length and is formed on a first cell track among the plurality of cell tracks, and wherein a second pattern is spaced apart from a cell boundary of the standard cell by a second length and is formed on a second cell track among the plurality of cell tracks.

Abstract: An integrated circuit includes a first cell in a first row extending in a first direction, a first power line extending in the first direction in a power rail layer, and configured to provide a first supply voltage to the first cell, and a first pattern overlapping a first boundary of the first row, and extending in the first direction in a first wiring layer, wherein the first cell includes at least one pattern extending in the first direction in the first wiring layer, and at least one transistor between the power rail layer and the first wiring layer, and the first pattern is configured to receive an input signal or an output signal of the first cell.

Abstract: Provided is a carbon dioxide absorbent including an ionic liquid including an imidazole-based anion and an aliphatic alcohol. Since an alcohol solvent included in the carbon dioxide absorbent according to one embodiment has low toxicity and a very high boiling point, the carbon dioxide absorbent has no problem of release into the atmosphere and consequent environmental pollution, and is chemically stable to significantly lower the possibility of release of decomposition products into the atmosphere. In addition, the carbon dioxide absorbent is also effective, since it may absorb carbon dioxide with a higher equivalent than an absorbent input equivalent, and has low regeneration energy so that carbon dioxide is easily desorbed.

Abstract: Provided are a complex prepared from ammonium salt-containing ligands and having such an equilibrium structural formula that the metal center takes a negative charge of 2 or higher, and a method for preparing polycarbonate via copolymerization of an epoxide compound and carbon dioxide using the complex as a catalyst. When the complex is used as a catalyst for copolymerizing an epoxide compound and carbon dioxide, it shows high activity and high selectivity and provides high-molecular weight polycarbonate, and thus easily applicable to commercial processes. In addition, after forming polycarbonate via carbon dioxide/epoxide copolymerization using the complex as a catalyst, the catalyst may be separately recovered from the copolymer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a polycarbonate including the process of copolymerizing epoxide compound and CO2 using cobalt(III) or chromium(III), where the ligands contains at least 3 ammonium cations, central metal has formal ?1 charge, and conjugated anions of the two cationic ammonium groups are acid-base homoconjugation, as catalyst. According to the present invention, the initial induction time can be reduced when the polycarbonate is manufactured and it is possible to improve the activity of the catalyst and the molecular weight of the obtained polymer.

Abstract: There is provided a method for preparing a low-molecular weight poly(alkylene carbonate) of which the molecular weight and chain shape are precisely controlled, by introducing a phosphorous compound having a hydroxyl group as a chain transfer agent in order to regulate the molecular weight, in alternating copolymerizing an epoxide compound and carbon dioxide by using trivalent metal complex prepared from a Salen type ligand containing a quaternary ammonium salt, and a polymer prepared by the method. Since poly(alkylene carbonate) prepared according to the present invention includes a phosphate or phosphonate group in the polymer chain, it has flame-retarding property.

Abstract: Provided are a complex prepared from ammonium salt-containing ligands and having such an equilibrium structural formula that the metal center takes a negative charge of 2 or higher, and a method for preparing polycarbonate via copolymerization of an epoxide compound and carbon dioxide using the complex as a catalyst. When the complex is used as a catalyst for copolymerizing an epoxide compound and carbon dioxide, it shows high activity and high selectivity and provides high-molecular weight polycarbonate, and thus easily applicable to commercial processes. In addition, after forming polycarbonate via carbon dioxide/epoxide copolymerization using the complex as a catalyst, the catalyst may be separately recovered from the copolymer.

Abstract: Provided are a complex prepared from ammonium salt-containing ligands and having such an equilibrium structural formula that the metal center takes a negative charge of 2 or higher, and a method for preparing polycarbonate via copolymerization of an epoxide compound and carbon dioxide using the complex as a catalyst. When the complex is used as a catalyst for copolymerizing an epoxide compound and carbon dioxide, it shows high activity and high selectivity and provides high-molecular weight polycarbonate, and thus easily applicable to commercial processes. In addition, after forming polycarbonate via carbon dioxide/epoxide copolymerization using the complex as a catalyst, the catalyst may be separately recovered from the copolymer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a polycarbonate including the process of copolymerizing epoxide compound and CO2 using cobalt(III) or chromium(III), where the ligands contains at least 3 ammonium cations, central metal has formal ?1 charge, and conjugated anions of the two cationic ammonium groups are acid-base homoconjugation, as catalyst. According to the present invention, the initial induction time can be reduced when the polycarbonate is manufactured and it is possible to improve the activity of the catalyst and the molecular weight of the obtained polymer.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method of preparing poly(alkylene carbonate) that has a molecular weight and polymer chain structure precisely controlled by adding a chain transfer agent composed of a compound having an alcohol or carboxylic acid functional group upon alternating copolymerization of an epoxide compound and carbon dioxide using a catalyst composed of a trivalent metal complex compound synthesized from a quaternary ammonium salt-containing Salen type ligand, and to a polymer compound prepared thereby. According to this invention, the polymer compound having a star-shaped chain as well as the polymer having a linear chain can be prepared. The low-molecular-weight poly(alkylene carbonate) has an —OH terminal group and can be used alone as a coating agent, etc., and also in mixtures with an isocyanate compound and thus can be easily utilized to prepare polyurethane.

Abstract: The present invention related to a method of manufacturing a polycarbonate including the process of copolymerizing epoxide compound and CO2 using cobalt(III) or chromium(III), where the ligands contains at least 3 ammonium cations, central metal has formal ?1 charge, and conjugated anions of the two cationic ammonium groups are acid-base homoconjugation, as catalyst. According to the present invention, the initial induction time can be reduced when the said polycarbonate is manufactured and it is possible to improve the activity of the catalyst and the molecular weight of the obtained polymer.

Abstract: The present invention related to a method of manufacturing a polycarbonate including the process of copolymerizing epoxide compound and CO2 using cobalt(III) or chromium(III), where the ligands contains at least 3 ammonium cations, central metal has formal ?1 charge, and conjugated anions of the two cationic ammonium groups are acid-base homoconjugation, as catalyst. According to the present invention, the initial induction time can be reduced when the said polycarbonate is manufactured and it is possible to improve the activity of the catalyst and the molecular weight of the obtained polymer.

Abstract: There is provided a method for preparing a low-molecular weight poly(alkylene carbonate) of which the molecular weight and chain shape are precisely controlled, by introducing a phosphorous compound having a hydroxyl group as a chain transfer agent in order to regulate the molecular weight, in alternating copolymerizing an epoxide compound and carbon dioxide by using trivalent metal complex prepared from a Salen type ligand containing a quaternary ammonium salt, and a polymer prepared by the method. Since poly(alkylene carbonate) prepared according to the present invention includes a phosphate or phosphonate group in the polymer chain, it has flame-retarding property.

Abstract: There is provided a method for preparing a low-molecular weight poly(alkylene carbonate) of which the molecular weight and chain shape are precisely controlled, by introducing a phosphorous compound having a hydroxyl group as a chain transfer agent in order to regulate the molecular weight, in alternating copolymerizing an epoxide compound and carbon dioxide by using trivalent metal complex prepared from a Salen type ligand containing a quaternary ammonium salt, and a polymer prepared by the method. Since poly(alkylene carbonate) prepared according to the present invention includes a phosphate or phosphonate group in the polymer chain, it has flame-retarding property.

Abstract: Disclosed is a polymer electrolyte composition, a gel-type polymer electrolyte obtained by mixing the same at normal temperature, and a dye-sensitized solar cell containing the electrolyte. Since the poly(alkylene carbonate)-based polymer is included, a crosslinking process by radiation of heat or UV is not required when the polymer electrolyte is manufactured, such that a manufacturing process is simple. Accordingly, the polymer electrolyte is useful for mass production of a solar cell and maintained in a uniform state without a phase separation between two components due to excellent affinity between the polymer and the organic solvent included in the electrolyte, and has excellent electrode-electrolyte interface property in the solar cell due to an adhesive property of the gelled polymer electrolyte.

Abstract: Provided is a method for preparing poly(alkylene carbonate) containing ether linkages, by the copolymerization of an epoxy compound and carbon dioxide, with a trivalent metal complex prepared from a salen type ligand containing a quaternary ammonium salt, and a double metal cyanide (DMC) catalyst together. The amount of ether linkages can be controlled by regulating the weight ratio of two catalysts and the carbon dioxide pressure.

Abstract: Provided are a complex prepared from ammonium salt-containing ligands and having such an equilibrium structural formula that the metal center takes a negative charge of 2 or higher, and a method for preparing polycarbonate via copolymerization of an epoxide compound and carbon dioxide using the complex as a catalyst. When the complex is used as a catalyst for copolymerizing an epoxide compound and carbon dioxide, it shows high activity and high selectivity and provides high-molecular weight polycarbonate, and thus easily applicable to commercial processes. In addition, after forming polycarbonate via carbon dioxide/epoxide copolymerization using the complex as a catalyst, the catalyst may be separately recovered from the copolymer.

Abstract: Provided are a complex prepared from ammonium salt-containing ligands and having such an equilibrium structural formula that the metal center takes a negative charge of 2 or higher, and a method for preparing polycarbonate via copolymerization of an epoxide compound and carbon dioxide using the complex as a catalyst. When the complex is used as a catalyst for copolymerizing an epoxide compound and carbon dioxide, it shows high activity and high selectivity and provides high-molecular weight polycarbonate, and thus easily applicable to commercial processes. In addition, after forming polycarbonate via carbon dioxide/epoxide copolymerization using the complex as a catalyst, the catalyst may be separately recovered from the copolymer.

Abstract: Provided is preparation of poly(alkylene carbonate) by alternating copolymerization of carbon dioxide and epoxide. To be specific, provided are a method for preparing block or graft copolymers of the polymer compound and poly(alkylene carbonate) by alternating-copolymerization of an epoxide compound and carbon dioxide by using a metal (III) compound prepared from salen-type ligand with a quaternary ammonium salt as a catalyst in the presence of a polymer compound having a functional group of hydroxyl or carboxylic acid, and block or graft copolymers prepared by the method.

Abstract: Provided are a complex prepared from ammonium salt-containing ligands and having such an equilibrium structural formula that the metal center takes a negative charge of 2 or higher, and a method for preparing polycarbonate via copolymerization of an epoxide compound and carbon dioxide using the complex as a catalyst. When the complex is used as a catalyst for copolymerizing an epoxide compound and carbon dioxide, it shows high activity and high selectivity and provides high-molecular weight polycarbonate, and thus easily applicable to commercial processes. In addition, after forming polycarbonate via carbon dioxide/epoxide copolymerization using the complex as a catalyst, the catalyst may be separately recovered from the copolymer.