Abstract: The invention comprises one or more gas volume fraction measurement devices operatively connected to one or more controllers and one or more deaeration mechanisms which receive control signals from said one or more controllers and perform an act on the system, such as by controlling a level of deaeration chemistry into some portion of the fermentation system. In one embodiment, the deaeration mechanism is an antifoam feed pump which pumps antifoam chemistry into a feed line of the fermenter in response to the measured gas volume fraction in the fermenter's recirculation loop, in an amount determined by the controller to be effective to reduce foaming and lower column height in the fermenter.

Abstract: The invention comprises one or more gas volume fraction measurement devices operatively connected to one or more controllers and one or more deaeration mechanisms which receive control signals from said one or more controllers and perform an act on the system, such as by controlling a level of deaeration chemistry into some portion of the fermentation system. In one embodiment, the deaeration mechanism is an antifoam feed pump which pumps antifoam chemistry into a feed line of the fermenter in response to the measured gas volume fraction in the fermenter's recirculation loop, in an amount determined by the controller to be effective to reduce foaming and lower column height in the fermenter.

Abstract: A system and method for reducing foaming in a wet scrubber system. The system utilizes a device for measuring the volume of entrained gas in the wet scrubbing system, and automatically or semi-automatically adjusting one or more process parameters including: a flow rate of antifoam/defoamer chemistry in said wet scrubber; a flow rate of flue gas; and a flow rate of fresh water. The system allows real-time monitoring and control of the foam in said wet scrubber.

Abstract: A shield is provided for a circuit breaker including a housing, a movable contact, a stationary contact, and an operating mechanism for moving the movable contact into and out of electrical contact with the stationary contact. The operating mechanism includes a crossbar, a biasing member, and a movable contact assembly. The movable contact assembly has a movable contact arm pivotably coupled to the crossbar, and includes a first end carrying the movable contact, and a second end biased by the biasing member, thereby biasing the movable contact toward the stationary contact. The shield comprises an elongated barrier element having an opening which receives the movable contact arm. The elongated barrier element is coupled to the operating mechanism crossbar proximate the second end of the movable contact arm in order to shield at least the biasing member. A movable contact assembly, and electrical switching apparatus are also provided.

Abstract: A one-pass primary tillage machine provides a combination of shallow and deep tillage, residue cutting and mixing, and clod size reduction and leveling of the field to prepare the field for the next planting season. A front group of flat coulters slice through the residue to reduce its size, followed by deep shanks that improve the tilth of the soil to a point below the intended planting depth. Following the shanks, a group of concavo-convex conditioning discs mix the residue with the soil, reduce clod size, and level the field.

Abstract: An emergency light source comprising a housing and an energizing circuit selectively operatively coupling LEDs to a battery power source is provided for lighting a selected area to provide at least twenty-four hours of continuous light when energized.

Abstract: Very generally, the gas analyzer of the invention includes a source of infrared energy, a sample cell for containing an analyte gas mixture positioned in the path of infrared energy, and a monochrometer including a movable diffraction grating for producing a beam of infrared energy wherein the constituent wavelengths are spetrally separated. The device also includes a wide band interference filter for transmitting a predetermined wavelength band spanning the characteristic absorption wavelength of each of a plurality of constituent gases in the analyte gas mixture. A detector positioned to receive radiation passing through the filter produces an electrical response related to the infrared energy impinging thereon. The monochrometer includes provision for moving the diffraction grating to sequentially cause infrared energy of different wavelengths to impinge upon the detector, and for intermittently causing infrared energy directed toward the detector from the source to be blocked by the interference filter.

Abstract: A mechanism is provided for unwinding ribbon from a supply spool, for rolling the ribbon to form a wound roll, and for cutting the roll free of the supply. The rolled ribbon segments resulting from this operation are transported to a conveyor for assembly with a toy balloon.

Abstract: A method of providing a toy balloon with a ribbon comprising the steps of providing a toy balloon, a roll of ribbon having a free end, and a conveyor having a table portion for supporting at least a portion of the toy balloon and an adjacent recess for receiving the ribbon roll and for orienting the ribbon free end to overlie the table portion. The toy balloon is placed on the table portion and the ribbon roll is placed in the recess so as to overlie the toy balloon with the ribbon free end and securing the ribbon free end to the toy balloon.

Abstract: An arrangement is provided for the automatic folding of toy balloons. A series of folding plates are provided along a path of travel and a vacuum conveyor provides traction force for the balloon as it slides across the folding plates. The folding plates interfere with the path of travel of the balloon causing the balloon to fold side-to-side. Tucking blades fold the balloon lengthwise to complete the folding operation.

Abstract: A ball bonding apparatus is provided with a "flame off" electrode which is positioned, during flame off, around and above the capillary tool so that the spark for melting the wire passes in close proximity to the end of the capillary tool. The flame off electrode is preferably mounted on the capillary tip.

Abstract: An apparatus is described for maintaining and delivering a slack reserve length of lead wire between a spool or other source and the wire bonding tool of a lead wire bonding machine. A slack chamber or wind chamber comprised of a housing enclosure, an inlet guide on one side for guiding lead wire into the slack chamber from a spool, an outlet guide on the other side for guiding lead wire out of the slack chamber towards the wire bonding tool maintains the reserve length of lead wire in untangled condition. A source of pressurized dry air or other gas directs a gaseous flow into the slack chamber so that the lead wire is maintained suspended in the gaseous flow in an offset configuration. Wire sensors are operatively positioned in the slack chamber for sensing the offset of lead wire in the wind stream. The wire sensors are coupled to sensor and control logic for controlling the delivery and feeding of lead wire from a spool into the slack chamber.

Abstract: A lead wire bonding machine is described for ball bonding the end of a lead wire held in a bonding tool to a die pad of an integrated circuit chip and for wedge bonding a segment of the lead wire spaced from the ball bond to a lead frame finger during successive ball bond wedge bond cycles. The bonding machine includes a variable linear drive such as a solenoid or small linear motor coupled to the bonding head for applying the first bond force to the bonding tool during ball bonding and the second bond force to the bonding tool during wedge bonding. A control circuit coupled to the solenoid or other variable linear drive delivers a first current having a desired profile or amplitude wave envelope for applying the first bond force with a first force profile during ball bonding to die pads and by delivering a second current having a desired profile or amplitude wave form for applying the second bond force with a second force profile during wedge bonding to lead frame fingers.

Abstract: An improved lead wire ball bonding machine for bonding wire leads between an integrated circuit chip and the lead frame on which the chip is mounted is provided with a bonding tool position sensor coupled to receive the Z-motion velocity waveform signal to the servo motor which drives the bonding head and bonding tool. This sensor detects the signal level and direction of change or polarity of the Z-motion velocity waveform signal for determining the location of the bonding head and bonding tool. The bonding tool position sensor is coupled and adjusted for generating a first output signal corresponding to a first location of the bonding head and bonding tool during motion downward to the die pad of an integrated circuit chip prior to contact by the bonding tool and lead wire for ball bonding.

Abstract: A method and circuits are described for sensing and detecting bond attempts and weld attempts during bonding and welding of lead wire. The method and circuitry are particularly applicable for detecting missed ball bonds and missed wedge bonds during bonding of lead wire between the die pad of a microcircuit chip and the lead frame on which the chip is mounted. A sensor (30) or sensing circuit (42) senses the different characteristic electrical condition of the lead wire (11) following a ball bond attempt and following a wedge bond attempt. A bond attempt indicator (45) indicates high resistance in the lead wire following a missed ball bond while weld attempt indicator (46) indicates low resistance in the lead wire (11) following a missed wedge bond. The lead wire (11) is isolated from uncontrolled contacts with ground potential while the lead wire is held in the bonding tool and bonding machine.

Abstract: An apparatus is described for maintaining and delivering a slack reserve length of lead wire between a spool or other source and the wire bonding tool of a lead wire bonding machine. A slack chamber or wind chamber comprised of a housing enclosure, an inlet guide on one side for guiding lead wire into the slack chamber from a spool, an outlet guide on the other side for guiding lead wire out of the slack chamber towards the wire bonding tool maintains the reserve length of lead wire in untangled condition. A source of pressurized dry air or other gas directs a gaseous flow into the slack chamber so that the lead wire is maintained suspended in the gaseous flow in an offset configuration. Wire sensors are operatively positioned in the slack chamber for sensing the offset of lead wire in the wind stream. The wire sensors are coupled to sensor and control logic for controlling the delivery and feeding of lead wire from a spool into the slack chamber.

Abstract: A method, timing control circuit, and power supply are described for initiating arc discharge between the cover gas delivery shroud and lead wire held in the bonding tool of a lead wire bonding machine for melting and forming a ball at the end of the lead wire. An arc discharge timing control pulse controls duration of the arc discharge within an empirically determined time window between the shortest and longest durations of arc discharge which result in optimal ball formation of a substantially spherical ball at the end of the lead wire without necking of the lead wire above the formed ball. The timing control circuit also provides an initial cover gas movement delay before ball formation for displacing oxygen from the shield and the end of the lead wire, and a subsequent cooling delay for solidifying and cooling the formed ball in the cover gas stream prior to ball bonding.

Abstract: Apparatus and method are described for rapid ball formation at the end of lead wire retained in the capillary wire holding tool of a ball bonding machine. A circuit is coupled between the cover gas shroud and lead wire for establishing controlled electrical discharge between the end of the bonding wire and the shroud, for melting and forming a ball. The circuit includes a DC power supply for delivering a positive polarity to the shroud and negative polarity to the lead wire for drawing a discharge of electrons from the end of the lead wire to the shroud. A capacitor is coupled in series with the DC power supply for receiving the electrical discharge. An impedance is also coupled in series for limiting the electrical discharge current. Charging of the capacitor limits and shapes the electrical arc discharge to a controlled pulse profile of short duration for rapid ball formation. An electronic gate is also used to control pulse duration.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is disclosed for forming a ball at the end of bonding wire or lead wire held in a capillary wire holding and bonding tool for ball bonding of the lead wire to an integrated circuit chip. The method of ball formation is of the type in which the end of the bonding wire is enclosed in a shroud or shield and the shield and the end of the bonding wire are flooded with an inert cover gas. Ball formation is accomplished by electrically discharging an arc between the bonding wire and the shroud for melting and forming the ball at the end of the wire. A passageway is provided for delivering and mixing hydrogen gas into the inert cover gas delivery line at a location upstream from the shroud sufficient for complete mixing. The rate of flow of hydrogen gas is metered and controlled for adjusting the percent by volume of hydrogen in the cover gas mixture to a desired range.

Abstract: In a method for welding a lead wire or bonding wire from a microcircuit chip mounted on a lead frame to a lead frame finger, the lead frame finger is preheated prior to any substantial electrical or thermal coupling between the lead frame finger and chip. Intense but controlled energy is applied to the lead frame finger at levels which might otherwise damage the IC chip. In one embodiment the lead frame finger is preheated to a temperature below the melting point of the metal comprising the lead frame. Enhanced bonding is thereafter effected by thermocompression bonding etc. In another embodiment the preheating step comprises melting a portion of the surface of the lead frame finger, forming a molten pool or puddle in the surface. Bonding of the lead wire is effected by immersing a section of the wire in the molten pool or puddle. In order to preheat the lead frame finger a controlled pulse train is delivered for arc discharge at the bonding location.