Abstract: In electron microscopy, resolution is improved by using an atom or atom-array focuser, with the atom or atom array serving as an electrostatic lens at a focal plane of an electron beam probe having a beam size less than about 0.2 nm at the focal plane. An electrostatic lens can be included in ultra-high resolution microscopes wherein (i) in a linear atom array, the atoms are in alignment with the electron path, (ii) the distance between a sample and the electrostatic lens is adjustable, (iii) a two-dimensional focuser is used, (iv) a sample is at Fourier image distance from a two-dimensionally periodic focuser, (v) a two-dimensional detector or detector array is used, and/or (vi) the electron beam is scanned at the focal plane.

Abstract: A spaced apart pair of plates in a steam bypass conduit provide pressure reduction and desuperheating of the steam. The plates have holes, some of which are equipped with nozzles that discharge water axially at the nozzle exits or radially at the throats. The nozzles are formed by inserts that form annular spaces communicating with a network of water supply conduits in the plate. Water discharge jets communicate with the annular spaces.

Abstract: A valve having a valve stem in the form of an actuating rod connected with a hydraulic piston in an hydraulic cylinder and an air piston in an air cylinder and which is closed by a spring has a system for assisting the spring in closing the valve and in maintaining it closed. As the actuating rod travels during the closing operation, a pressure differential across the air piston is exerted and thereafter the pressure differential across the hydraulic piston is exerted to assist the spring in closing the valve and to maintain it in a closed position.