Abstract: Brillouin fiber sensors can provide distributed measurements of parameters of interest over long distances in a fiber by measuring the Brillouin frequency shift as a function of position along the fiber. The Brillouin frequency shift may be determined, to within a small fraction of the Brillouin linewidth, by establishing a series of lasing modes that experience Brillouin amplification at discrete spatial locations in a test fiber. A linewidth narrowing and high intensity associated with the lasing transition enable precise measurements of the lasing frequency associated with each of the lasing modes. The Brillouin frequency may be determined based on the lasing frequency.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for enabling improved sensitivity in low-gain regimes. Embodiments of the present disclosure use polarization pulling to separate a signal of interest (e.g., amplified probe light) from the background probe light. This enables a dramatic increase in probe power and thereby increases the signal-to-noise ratio of the measurement. Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a vector subtraction technique to compensate for undesirable interference effects resulting from the finite extinction of standard polarization components (i.e. polarizing beam splitters) and polarization fluctuations. Embodiments of the present disclosure enable Brillouin sensing with improved accuracy in low-gain regimes and is particularly relevant for high-spatial resolution sensing applications.

Abstract: A dynamic Brillouin fiber sensor that is immune to fluctuations in the power, frequency, or polarizing state of the pump and probe beams is described herein. A new measurand that combines information from the complex Stokes and anti-Stokes interactions is provided to extract the absolute Brillouin frequency shift while rejecting the majority of noise sources that may limit the performance of current slope-assisted Brillouin optical time domain analysis systems.

Abstract: Brillouin fiber sensors can provide distributed measurements of parameters of interest over long distances in a fiber by measuring the Brillouin frequency shift as a function of position along the fiber. The Brillouin frequency shift may be determined, to within a small fraction of the Brillouin linewidth, by establishing a series of lasing modes that experience Brillouin amplification at discrete spatial locations in a test fiber. A linewidth narrowing and high intensity associated with the lasing transition enable precise measurements of the lasing frequency associated with each of the lasing modes. The Brillouin frequency may be determined based on the lasing frequency.

Abstract: A dynamic Brillouin fiber sensor that is immune to fluctuations in the power, frequency, or polarizing state of the pump and probe beams is described herein. A new measurand that combines information from the complex Stokes and anti-Stokes interactions is provided to extract the absolute Brillouin frequency shift while rejecting the majority of noise sources that may limit the performance of current slope-assisted Brillouin optical time domain analysis systems.

Abstract: Enhanced Coulomb repulsion screening around light element nuclei is achieved by way of utilizing electromagnetic (EM) radiation to induce plasmon oscillations in target structures (e.g., nanoparticles) in a way that produces high density electron clouds in localized regions of the target structures, thereby generating charge density variations around light element atoms located in the localized regions. Each target structure includes an electrically conductive body including light elements (e.g., a metal hydride/deuteride/tritide) that is configured to undergo plasmon oscillations in response to the applied EM radiation. The induced oscillations causes free electrons to converge in the localized region, thereby producing transient high electron charge density levels that enhance Coulomb repulsion screening around light element (e.g., deuterium) atoms located in the localized regions.

Abstract: Enhanced Coulomb repulsion (electron) screening around light element nuclei is achieved by way of utilizing target structures (e.g., nanoparticles) that undergo plasmon oscillation when subjected to electromagnetic (EM) radiation, whereby transient high density electron clouds are produced in localized regions of the target structures during each plasmon oscillation cycle. Each target structure includes an integral body composed of an electrically conductive material that contains light element atoms (e.g., metal hydrides, metal deuterides or metal tritides). The integral body is also configured (i.e., shaped/sized) to undergo plasmon oscillations in response to the applied EM radiation such that the transient high density electron clouds are formed during each plasmon oscillation cycle, whereby brief but significantly elevated charge density variations are generated around light element (e.g.

Abstract: Enhanced Coulomb repulsion screening around light element nuclei is achieved by way of utilizing electromagnetic (EM) radiation to induce plasmon oscillations in target structures (e.g., nanoparticles) in a way that produces high density electron clouds in localized regions of the target structures, thereby generating charge density variations around light element atoms located in the localized regions. Each target structure includes an electrically conductive body including light elements (e.g., a metal hydride/deuteride/tritide) that is configured to undergo plasmon oscillations in response to the applied EM radiation. The induced oscillations causes free electrons to converge in the localized region, thereby producing transient high electron charge density levels that enhance Coulomb repulsion screening around light element (e.g., deuterium) atoms located in the localized regions.

Abstract: Enhanced Coulomb repulsion (electron) screening around light element nuclei is achieved by way of utilizing target structures (e.g., nanoparticles) that undergo plasmon oscillation when subjected to electromagnetic (EM) radiation, whereby transient high density electron clouds are produced in localized regions of the target structures during each plasmon oscillation cycle. Each target structure includes an integral body composed of an electrically conductive material that contains light element atoms (e.g., metal hydrides, metal deuterides or metal tritides). The integral body is also configured (i.e., shaped/sized) to undergo plasmon oscillations in response to the applied EM radiation such that the transient high density electron clouds are formed during each plasmon oscillation cycle, whereby brief but significantly elevated charge density variations are generated around light element (e.g.