Abstract: A liquid crystal device includes a pair of first and second opposed substrates, a ferroelectric liquid crystal filled in a space defined between both the substrates, and a thin film transistor formed on at least one of the substrates. The thin film transistor is used as a spacer between the substrates, and the spacer is bonded to the first substrate opposed to the second substrate on which the spacer is formed. In another aspect, a dummy corresponding to the thin film transistor is further provided on the substrate on which the thin film transistor is formed, wherein the dummy is used as a spacer.

Abstract: A pair of substrates are opposed to each other and the peripheral portions thereof are sealed by a sealing member. A part of the sealing member is opened so as to constitute a liquid crystal injection hole. A groove for introducing a liquid crystal is provided on the inner surface of at least one of the substrates in such a manner as to lead from the injection hole to the inner surface of the cell.

Abstract: A liquid crystalline compound represented by the following general formula: ##STR1## where m and l represent individually integers within a range: 6.ltoreq.m.ltoreq.14 and 1.ltoreq.l.ltoreq.5, the symbol * represents an asymmetric carbon atom and the compound is required to be optically active. The compound can induce the twisting arrangement when added to the TN system or phase transition type liquid crystal mixture, as well as can improve the spontaneous polarization as the index of the ferroelectric property when added to the SmC* liquid crystal mixture.

Abstract: Disclosed is a liquid crystal element using a film transistor as a switching element, the liquid crystal element comprising two substrates opposed to each other, film transistors and spacers disposed on the opposed surface of one of the substrates, a transparent electrode formed on the opposed surface of the other substrate, a metal wiring formed simultaneously with a light shield of a film transistor or an upper metal layer of the spacer, the metal wiring having one end disposed between the film transistor or spacer and the transparent electrode whereas the other end thereof extends to the peripheral edge of the one substrate.

Abstract: There is provided a chiral compound of the formula ##STR1## where m, 1, and k are integers in the range of 4.ltoreq.m.ltoreq.14, 0.ltoreq.l.ltoreq.7, 0.ltoreq.k.ltoreq.8, respectively, which has the property of being a liquid crystal in itself or can be added to a liquid crystal without any adverse effect on the liquid crystal. The compound induces twisted arrangement when added to a liquid crystal of TN mode or phase change mode, and it increases the spontaneous polarization when added to a SmC* liquid crystal.

Abstract: In a liquid crystal display apparatus employing a ferroelectric liquid crystal cell, two or more pulse voltages are applied to the liquid crystal cell during selected time periods within 1 frame period to drive the liquid crystal cell. These pulse voltages can maintain the display condition of the liquid crystal cell.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a liquid crystal display device includes the steps of forming a transparent electrode on a surface of a substrate, patterning the transparent electrode, coating a photosensitive layer of resin on the patterned transparent electrode, radiating ultraviolet radiation on a region of the photosensitive layer which will serve as a spacer to provide a gap between the substrate and a companion substrate to be combined therewith, radiating weak ultraviolet radiation on the photosensitive layer from the reverse side of the substrate, and developing the photosensitive layer to form the spacer and an alignment film simultaneously.

Abstract: A liquid crystal light valve has two base plates of glass and transparent electrodes formed thereon with a ferroelectric liquid crystal interposed between the electrodes, wherein one of the electrodes has a film of insulative material oriented in a specific direction through rubbing treatment, and the other electrode has a film of insulative material treated with a coupler material for horizontal orientation but not oriented in a specific direction.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device comprising a liquid crystal cell in which a ferroelectric liquid crystal are put between two sheets transparent substrates each formed with a transparent electrode to the inside thereof with the peripheral edges of the transparent substrates being sealed, a polymer film having a birefringent property appended on one side of the liquid crystal cell and two polarizing plates disposed on both sides of the liquid crystal cell and such that the polarizing directions thereof are in perpendicular to or in parallel with each other. Coloring for the transmission light is suppressed, by which the display quality can be improved.

Abstract: A liquid crystalline compound represented by the following general formula: ##STR1## where m and l represent individually integers within a range: 6.ltoreq.m.ltoreq.14 and 1.ltoreq.l.ltoreq.5, the symbol * represents an asymmetric carbon atom and the compound is required to be optically active. The compound can induce the twisting arrangement when added to the TN system or phase transition type liquid crystal mixture, as well as can improve the spontaneous polarization as the index of the ferroelectric property when added to the SmC* liquid crystal mixture.

Abstract: A flexible printed circuit board has one end to be soldered to the terminal section of a display device, such as a liquid crystal display, the terminal section being used for connection to an external circuit. The end of the circuit board is provided with a pair of protrusions on opposite sides. The display device has a small base sheet and a large base sheet bonded together to form a cell. When the protrusions are caused to bear on the side of the cell, a given gap is formed between the portion of the aforementioned end other than the protrusions and the small base sheet of the display device.

Abstract: Disclosed is a liquid crystal display device in which a twisted nematic type liquid crystal display element is used as a light shutter and combined with color polarizer plates to provide color display, characterized in that a nematic crystal added with a black coloring matter is used and in that at least one of the polarizer plates has a degree of polarization of about 80% or less. Preferably, the rate of addition of the black coloring matter is limited to about 1.5% or less.

Abstract: Disclosed is a paste for formation of a transparent electroconductive coating film, which comprises as a main component an organic indium complex having an oxygen atom coordinated directly to the indium atom, which is capable of forming an indium oxide film by sintering, such as trisacetylacetonatoindium (III).This paste provides a coating film having a low resistivity and a high transparency by screen printing and sintering, and has a good stability and a long pot life.If an organic tin compound such as tin octylate, dibutyl tin dilaurate or tetraacetylacetonatotin is incorporated as a resistivity-adjusting agent into this paste in an amount such that the Sn/(In+Sn) atomic ratio is 2 to 20%, especially good results are obtained. A cellulose derivative such as ethyl cellulose, nitrocellulose, acetyl cellulose or benzyl cellulose is advantageously incorporated as a viscosity builder into the paste.

Abstract: A variable resistor has an insulating substrate plate, a resistance body formed on the substrate plate and a slider adapted to slide along the resistance body. The resistance body is formed in a winding pattern to provide a larger range of variation of resistance for a given stroke of the slider. The slider has a plurality of contacts adapted for sliding along the resistance body so that at least one of the contacts is kept in contact with the winding resistance body so as to provide a linear change of the output of the resistor.

Abstract: A resistance element for obtaining a continuous and linear output characteristic is obtained by the combination of a zig-zag resistance element and a resistance film of higher resistivity disposed thereover.