Abstract: A projector with a specially manufactured optical compensation element is disclosed. One method of manufacturing the optical compensation element temporarily attaches an inorganic substrate made of a birefringent inorganic material to a base member with a temporary bond, grinds/polishes the inorganic substrate, attaches a light transmissive support substrate to a surface of the inorganic substrate on the opposite side to the side of the base member, and separates the inorganic substrate with the light transmissive support substrate from the base member.

Abstract: A projector with a specially manufactured optical compensation element is disclosed. One method of manufacturing the optical compensation element temporarily attaches an inorganic substrate made of a birefringent inorganic material to a base member with a temporary bond, grinds/polishes the inorganic substrate, attaches a light transmissive support substrate to a surface of the inorganic substrate on the opposite side to the side of the base member, and separates the inorganic substrate with the light transmissive support substrate from the base member.

Abstract: An apparatus for testing a circuit board has a holder for holding the circuit board, a detector for detecting the electrical characteristics of the circuit board, and a controller for controlling laser plasma switches. The detector has a path forming unit positioned away from the circuit board by a predetermined gap. The path forming unit forms a first conductive path between a position corresponding to a first test pad on a trace of the circuit board and a first power source, as well as a second conductive path between a position corresponding to a second test pad on another trace of the circuit board and a second power source. The controller emits a laser beam to a first space between the first test pad and the first conductive path and another laser beam toward a second space between the second test pad and the second conductive path, to make the first and second spaces conductive.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a photoreceptor, an exposure device for exposing the photoreceptor with a laser beam dot by dot so as to form a dotted latent image on the photoreceptor, and a developing device for developing the dotted latent image with developer. The apparatus also includes a dot diameter correcting device for correcting a diameter of the dot formed on the photoreceptor. The dot diameter correcting device includes an image patch producing device for forming an image patch having a specific dot pattern with a laser beam having a predetermined power strength by the exposure device, an image patch detector for detecting a density level of the image patch formed on the photoreceptor, and a memory for storing data of laser power strengths with correlation to the detected density levels. With this structure, a controller controls laser power strength of the exposure device based on the correlated data stored in the memory and the density level detected by the image patch detector.

Abstract: An apparatus for testing a circuit board has a holder for holding the circuit board, a detector for detecting the electrical characteristics of the circuit board, and a controller for controlling laser plasma switches. The detector has a path forming unit positioned away from the circuit board by a predetermined gap. The path forming unit forms a first conductive path between a position corresponding to a first test pad on a trace of the circuit board and a first power source, as well as a second conductive path between a position corresponding to a second test pad on another trace of the circuit board and a second power source. The controller emits a laser beam to a first space between the first test pad and the first conductive path and another laser beam toward a second space between the second test pad and the second conductive path, to make the first and second spaces conductive.

Abstract: In a fixing oil coating apparatus for coating oil to an outer circumferential surface of a fixing roller for fixing a toner image of a recording sheet, the apparatus has an oil coating roller including a cylindrical porous member impregnated with oil therein, and a brush-shaped oil applying member fixed on an outer circumferential surface of the porous member. The brush-shaped oil applying member is brought into contact with the outer circumferential surface of the fixing roller so that the oil is coated to the fixing roller.

Abstract: An apparatus for testing a circuit board has a holder for holding the circuit board, a detector for detecting the electrical characteristics of the circuit board, and a controller for controlling laser plasma switches. The detector has a path forming unit positioned away from the circuit board by a predetermined gap. The path forming unit forms a first conductive path between a position corresponding to a first test pad on a trace of the circuit board and a first power source, as well as a second conductive path between a position corresponding to a second test pad on another trace of the circuit board and a second power source. The controller emits a laser beam to a first space between the first test pad and the first conductive path and another laser beam toward a second space between the second test pad and the second conductive path, to make the first and second spaces conductive.

Abstract: An electrophotographic copying apparatus including a time counter to count a time during which transfer sheets are left in a stacker; a memory to store an output value of a humidity detector; a calculator to calculate a correction value for each transfer sheet in accordance with the output value of the humidity detector and the time counted by the time counter; and a controller to control a corona discharging output for each transfer sheet in accordance with the correction value.

Abstract: A mirror smudge detecting apparatus for detecting a smudge on a mirror member used in an image forming apparatus such as a copier.

Abstract: A charging apparatus wherein a back plate forming a back portion of a shielding member surrounding a discharging wire has an elongate opening for guiding a cleaning member for cleaning and defining a cleaning region of the wire and a cam groove communicating the elongate opening for separating the cleaning member from the wire. The distance between the discharging wire and a side plate of the shielding member is larger than the distance between the discharging wire and the back plate.

Abstract: Present invention provides an image forming apparatus wherein a photosensitive member is subjected to optimum fatigue treatment in order to prevent the fluctuation of copying density and prevent fogging. Therefore, an image forming apparatus according to the invention is arranged so that the duration of prerotation for subjecting a photosensitive member to the fatigue treatment in advance is regulated in accordance with both the rest time after the completion of a previously-executed copying operation and the current temperature of the photosensitive member.