Abstract: To correct spectral interference due to a divalent ion of an interfering element on a measurement ion of an analysis element measured by a mass spectrometer using a plasma ion source by accounting for a mass-bias effect of the mass spectrometer, measurement values of ionic strength of divalent ions of two isotopes having different, odd mass numbers among isotopes of the interfering element are used. In measuring to obtain a measurement value where a correction method of the present invention is applied, it is suitable to set a mass resolution of the mass spectrometer to be higher than a time of normal analysis.

Abstract: To correct spectral interference due to a divalent ion of an interfering element on a measurement ion of an analysis element measured by a mass spectrometer using a plasma ion source by accounting for a mass-bias effect of the mass spectrometer, measurement values of ionic strength of divalent ions of two isotopes having different, odd mass numbers among isotopes of the interfering element are used. In measuring to obtain a measurement value where a correction method of the present invention is applied, it is suitable to set a mass resolution of the mass spectrometer to be higher than a time of normal analysis.

Abstract: A spark plug is provided which includes a cylindrical metal shell, a cylindrical porcelain insulator retained in the metal shell, a center electrode, and a ground electrode. The center electrode is disposed in the insulator with a head protruding outside a front end surface of the insulator. The ground electrode is joined to the metal shell and includes a gap-defining portion which faces a side surface of a side surface of the center electrode to define a spark gap and also faces the front end surface of the porcelain insulator to define a semi-surface discharge gap for burning off, for example, carbon deposits on the front end surface of the insulator.

Abstract: A spark plug is provided which includes a cylindrical metal shell, a cylindrical porcelain insulator retained in the metal shell, a center electrode, and a ground electrode. The center electrode is disposed in the insulator with a head protruding outside a front end surface of the insulator. The ground electrode is joined to the metal shell and includes a gap-defining portion which faces a side surface of a side surface of the center electrode to define a spark gap and also faces the front end surface of the porcelain insulator to define a semi-surface discharge gap for burning off, for example, carbon deposits on the front end surface of the insulator.

Abstract: An apparatus for manufacturing for a rubber sheet reinforced with a cord, it consists of a first cylinder formed to wrap around a rubber coated cord on a surface of the cylinder by rotating centering an axis of the cylinder and a second cylinder that is a smaller cylinder diameter than a cylinder diameter of the first cylinder and is established in parallel aligning a cylinder axis direction to the first cylinder, spirally winding continuously a great number of rubber coated cords on the surface of the cylinder contacting with each other by transferring the rubber coated cord from the first cylinder to the second cylinder.

Abstract: In a cooling system of an internal combustion engine, coolant flowing through a radiator and bypassing the radiator are mixed in a flow control valve controlled by ECU on the basis of signals provided by sensors such as a coolant temperature sensor, so that the coolant is circulated by an electric pump to control the coolant temperature for the internal combustion engine. A desired coolant temperature is changed according to the operating condition of the internal combustion engine, the traveling condition of a vehicle and the ambient condition. Thus, the temperature of the coolant flowing into the internal combustion engine is changed properly so that frictional resistance in the engine and exhaust gas may be reduced and the internal combustion engine may be kept at its most efficient temperature near a detonation limit temperature.

Abstract: An apparatus for manufacturing for a rubber sheet reinforced with a cord, it consists of a first cylinder formed to wrap around a rubber coated cord on a surface of the cylinder by rotating centering an axis of the cylinder and a second cylinder that is a smaller cylinder diameter than a cylinder diameter of the first cylinder and is established in parallel aligning a cylinder axis direction to the first cylinder, spirally winding continuously a great number of rubber coated cords on the surface of the cylinder contacting with each other by transferring the rubber coated cord from the first cylinder to the second cylinder.

Abstract: In a cooling system of an internal combustion engine, coolant flowing through a radiator and bypassing the radiator are mixed in a flow control valve controlled by ECU on the basis of signals provided by sensors such as a coolant temperature sensor, so that the coolant is circulated by an electric pump to control the coolant temperature for the internal combustion engine. A desired coolant temperature is changed according to the operating condition of the internal combustion engine, the traveling condition of a vehicle and the ambient condition. Thus, the temperature of the coolant flowing into the internal combustion engine is changed properly so that frictional resistance in the engine and exhaust gas may be reduced and the internal combustion engine may be kept at its most efficient temperature near a detonation limit temperature.

Abstract: In a case where no malfunction occurs in a water temperature control valve the temperature of the pump water is controlled to accurately follow a target water temperature. In contrast, in a case where the rotational opening degree of the water temperature control valve is accidentally fixed, the pump water temperature can no longer follow the target water temperature. In this instance, a control water temperature error between the target water temperature and the pump water temperature is calculated. When the control water temperature error is greater than a certain error range, a counter is incremented, and a malfunction judgment flag is set when the value of the counter exceeds a certain judgment threshold value at another time. Thereby, the temperature of the cooling water for the engine is feedback controlled while malfunction of the water temperature control valve can be accurately detected.

Abstract: In a case where no malfunction occurs in a water temperature control valve the temperature of the pump water is controlled to accurately follow a target water temperature. In contrast, in a case where the rotational opening degree of the water temperature control valve is accidentally fixed, the pump water temperature can no longer follow the target water temperature. In this instance, a control water temperature error between the target water temperature and the pump water temperature is calculated. When the control water temperature error is greater than a certain error range, a counter is incremented, and a malfunction judgment flag is set when the value of the counter exceeds a certain judgment threshold value at another time. Thereby, the temperature of the cooling water for the engine is feedback controlled while malfunction of the water temperature control valve can be accurately detected.

Abstract: A rotation angle sensor has a cylindrical rotating member attached to a cam shaft of an internal combustion engine for rotation therewith, and a pickup. The rotating member has a portion formed on its inner peripheral surface for detection of a crank angle. The pickup has a column-shaped support portion and is attached coaxially with the rotating member with the support portion rotatably inserted into a hole which is formed in a casing of the internal combustion engine. A detecting portion provided at a distal end of the support portion is positioned inside the rotating member to detect a position of the crank angle detection portion during rotation of the rotating member and output a signal. The pickup further has an arc-shaped elongate hole which is formed to extend about a central axis of the support portion, so that the pickup is fixed to the casing of the internal combustion engine with a bolt inserted through the elongate hole.

Abstract: A disc cutting apparatus for cutting opposite surfaces of a disc-shaped workpiece such as a disc rotor for an automobile disc brake includes a rotating mechanism for positioning and rotating the workpiece which is pressed, under uniform pressure, radially inwardly by a plurality of holder mechanisms. While the workpiece is being rotated by the rotating mechanism and pressed by the pressing mechanism, the workpiece is cut by a cutting mechanism. The cutting mechanism includes cutters for cutting opposite surfaces of the workpiece, and the cutters are positionally adjusted with respect to the workpiece based on positional information detected by a detector which has a probe held against the workpiece.

Abstract: An optical character reader distinguishes between black and white image signals by comparing a center reader with readings from surrounding areas. Variations on the surface of a paper bearing the image can add or subtract values so that the comparison may be in error. The invention overcomes the problem by using logic circuits to add, subtract and compare signals out of a mask in order to improve the accuracy of the comparison between the center reading and the readings from the surrounding areas.

Abstract: An ignition control system for controlling an ignition timing of an internal combustion engine when the CPU is failed or the engine is started, includes a charging and discharging circuit in which a predetermined crank angle range is converted into a voltage to be charged in which the charged voltage is discharged so as to form a charge and discharge voltage wave, a charge and discharge voltage wave comparison circuit for comparing the charge and discharge voltage wave with a battery voltage wave, and a back-up circuit for control the ignition timing in accordance with the signal from the charge and discharge voltage wave comparison circuit.

Abstract: A mail tracing apparatus contains only input and output mail article detectors at the beginning and end of a mail transport path, respectively. By comparing the "on" and "off" times of the detectors at either end of the path, it can be determined, for example, if an initially doubled item has been separated into distinct mail articles, or if a mail article has dropped out of the path during transport.In either event, an error code is generated in the event of a non sequitur, and the tracing of subsequent mail articles may proceed without error.

Abstract: In an ignition timing control apparatus for controlling the ignition timing of each cylinder in order to reduce knock generation in a multi-cylinder engine, a lag-angle correction is made for the ignition timing of a cylinder in which a knock is generated and at the same time, a slight lag-angle correction is made for the ignition timing of the other cylinders in which no knock is generated. When the operating condition of engine is rapidly changed for example, under the condition in which knock is liable to occur in all cylinders as at rapid acceleration time, a lag-angle correction is made by the same amount as in the knock generating cylinder, for the ignition timing of cylinders in which no knock is generated. When no knock is generated for a predetermined time, a lead-angle correction is made for the ignition timing subjected to the lag-angle correction of each cylinder at intervals of the predetermined time.